Estudo do aproveitamento integral da planta mandioca

This paper deals with cassava leaf, stem and root production. Field competition trial showed that production of leaves and stems are the same; as that of roots and that leaves and stems can be used in animal feeding beside the industrialization of roots.

What does the field of International Relations look like in South America?

Abstract This article provides a comprehensive picture of IR in South America by applying content analysis to 7,857 articles published in 35 journals from six South American countries from 2006 to 2014 in order to discover what the predominant theories, methods and research areas in this field are, how scholars tend to combine them in their research designs, and what the profiles of regional journals are, regarding their epistemological, methodological and subject preferences. The findings reveal a predominantly Positivist and largely Qualitative discipline, resembling North American and European IR.

Programa de tratamento integral de pacientes crônicos do Hospital de Clinicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: I - Etapa diagnóstica

O estudo sobre redundância de hospitalização, baseado no conceito de dependência aos cuidados de enfermagem, evidenciou que, em 99 pacientes que permaneceram 25 ou mais dias internados, foram redundantes em algum momento da internação, representando um desperdício de 1094 leitos-dia (30,17% do total de leitos-dia consumidos por este grupo de pacientes) . Estudou-se, também, um grupo de 102 pacientes com acompanhados durante uma semana, identificando-se 60 pacientes (59%) com hospitalização desnecessária. Não se verificou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos de pacientes redundantes e não redundantes em relação às variáveis sócio-demográficas estudadas. As condições que contribuíram com maior número de dias de redundância foram neoplasias, doenças do aparelho respiratório (pneumopatia complicada e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica), fraturas, hipertensão arterial com ou sem insuficiência cardíaca, acidente vascular cerebral e cirrose hepática. Face a magnitude do desperdício de recursos decorrentes da hospitalização desnecessária e riscos para o paciente da permanência prolongada no hospital, é recomendada a implantação de programas experimentais para tratamento domiciliar de pacientes crônicos.

Transformações de um ambulatório de medicina integral com vistas a um programa de atenção médica primária: a experiência do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Após breve discussão de aspectos da assistência médica ambulatorial, são apresentadas as propostas de reorganização dos serviços ambulatoriais do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro com vistas ao estabelecimento de um programa de medicina integral. Também são apresentados os dados de uma pesquisa sobre padrões de utilização do ambulatório. Alguns aspectos docentes do programa são discutidos.

Centros de Educação e Alimentação do Pré-Escolar: solução alternativa de atendimento integral ao pré-escolar

São resumidas as bases filosóficas e operacionais do programa de Educação e Alimentação do Pré-Escolar (CEAPE), que inclui: a educação e a participação ativa da mãe do pré-escolar; a promoção do treinamento de multiplicadores locais da ação programada; a avaliação da eficiência e da eficácia do programa por meio de indicadores pré-testados. São evidenciadas as vantagens do programa, a saber: é econômico porque usa a infra-estrutura local, utiliza a cooperação das mães dos pré-escolares e a supervisão do pessoal ligado ao ensino; é eficiente porque oferece e amplia o atendimento aos pré-escolares; é eficaz porque propicia realmente melhor desenvolvimento integral da criança; é preventivo porque melhora as condições físicas e de aprendizado do pré-escolar; é comunitário porque por meio da "mãe" envolve a comunidade onde a criança vive.

Performance indexes of a dot-enzime-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) and an ezyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgG-ELISA) for field surveys of new world leishmaniasis

Diagnostic performance indexes of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and efficiency were determined for dot-ELISA and IgG-ELISA tests in 340 leishmaniasis sera. Sensitivity of the dot-ELISA was significantly lower than IgG-ELISA's; the two tests had indexes of specificity and positive predictive value of the same magnitude. Seventy-eight sera gave a negative dot-ELISA test result and a positive IgG-ELISA test result. When sera were classified according to different criteria as how to interpret this diversity, the kappa statistic did not corroborate the classification indicating that the two tests display a substantial strength of agreement. The results presented indicate that performance indexes accrued in a survey where variables arc well known may be extrapolated to other population studies if the disease presents itself as highly prevalent (due to a selection bias or not) and may be expected to discriminate a disease status among test positives.

Studies on human anti-rabies immunization in Brazil: I - Evaluation of the 3 + 1 pre-exposure vaccination schedule under field conditions

The currently used pre-exposure anti-rabies immunization schedule in Brazil is the one called 3+1, employing suckling mouse brain vaccine (3 doses on alternate days and the last one on day 30). Although satisfactory results were obtained in well controlled experimental groups using this immunization schedule, in our routine practice, VNA levels lower than 0.5 IU/ml are frequently found. We studied the pre-exposure 3+1 schedule under field conditions in different cities on the State of São Paulo, Brazil, under variable and sometimes adverse circumstances, such as the use of different batches of vaccine with different titers, delivered, stored and administered under local conditions. Fifty out of 256 serum samples (19.5%) showed VNA titers lower than 0.5 IU/ml, but they were not distributed homogeneously among the localities studied. While in some cities the results were completely satisfactory, in others almost 40% did not attain the minimum VNA titer required. The results presented here, considered separately, question our currently used procedures for human pre-exposure anti-rabies immunization. The reasons determining this situation are discussed.

Glucose consume and growth of E. coli under electromagnetic field

E. coli was submitted to a 5G electromagnetic field generated by a alternate 60 Hz voltage source. The differences on growth and glucose consume in control and exposed groups were evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test. There was a significant difference in glucose consume and growth in E. coli after 8 hours of exposition to electromagnetic field. It can be concluded that electromagnetic field had a positive effect in consume of glucose and growth of E. coli. The cause of these results can be explained by an increasing of glucose entrance through membrane due to the stimulated transport system via Facility Diffusion or cyclotron resonance. The growth can be caused by shortening of lag phase and excitement of log phase.

Field evaluation of the whole blood immunochromatographic test for rapid bancroftian filariasis diagnosis in the northeast of Brazil

This study evaluated the whole blood immunochromatographic card test (ICT card test) in a survey performed in Northeastern Brazil. 625 people were examined by the thick blood film (TBF) and ICT card test. Residents of a non-endemic area were also tested by the whole blood card test and Og4C3. The sensitivity of the ICT card test was 94.7% overall, but lower in females than males, based on the reasonable assumption that TBF is 100% specific. However, since TBF and other methods have unknown sensitivity, the true specificity of the card test is unknown. Nevertheless, it is possible to estimate upper and lower limits for the specificity, and relate it to the prevalence of the disease. In the endemic area, the possible range of the specificity was from 72.4% to 100%. 29.6% of the card tests performed in the non-endemic area exhibited faint lines that were interpreted as positives. Characteristics of the method including high sensitivity, promptness and simplicity justify its use for screening of filariasis. However, detailed information about the correct interpretation in case of extremely faint lines is essential. Further studies designed to consider problems arising from imperfect standards are necessary, as is a sounder diagnostic definition for the card test.

Persistence of Vectobac WDG and Metoprag S-2G against Aedes aegypti larvae using a semi-field bioassay in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Vectobac WDG) and methoprene (Metoprag S-2G) was evaluated against Aedes aegypti late third instar larvae of the Rockefeller strain in a semi-field bioassay. Tests were performed in Rio de Janeiro, using containers made of plastic, iron, concrete and asbestos, placed in a shaded area. The formulations used were 0.2 g of Vectobac-WDG and 1g of Metoprag S-2G per 100 liters of water in house storage containers. Vectobac WDG was tested twice, in March and in April/May, 2002. In March (temperature ranging from 21.5 to 39.3 ºC), 70-100% mortality was observed by the 7th day and declined abruptly thereafter. No significant differences were observed among the container types. In April/May (18.6 to 34.8 ºC) mortality was higher than 70% to 30-36 days in all cases, except in the iron container (40% mortality on the 12th day). Metoprag S-2G was evaluated in April/May, 2002, and induced mortality higher than 70% up to 15 days in the plastic and iron containers and only seven days in the concrete container. In the asbestos container, maximal mortality was achieved on day one post-treatment (66%). Our results point to a low persistence of both formulations in the weather conditions of Rio de Janeiro.