Adductor policis muscle: a new anthropometric parameter

PURPOSE: To measure the thickness of adductor pollicis muscle in healthy adults. This measurement will be used as a nutritional anthropometric parameter in further studies. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Four hundred and twenty-one healthy adults were studied, 209 men and 212 women, with ages ranging from 18 to 87 years, living in Rio de Janeiro. The adductor pollicis muscle was also studied in the human anatomy lab as well as in normal healthy volunteers using CAT scans and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging to ensure that only the adductor pollicis was included in measurement of muscle thickness with a Lange caliper. To standardize the measurement, the methodology was detailed, with subjects sitting with the dominant hand dangling over the homolateral thigh and the elbow bent at approximately a 90° angle. The Lange caliper was applied at a pressure of 10 g/mm², pinching the adductor pollicis muscle at the vertex of an imaginary angle between the thumb and the index finger. The average of 3 consecutive measurements was considered to be the muscle thickness. RESULTS: This study provides the first estimates of adductor pollicis thickness in normal healthy subjects as an anthropometric parameter. The normal values in the dominant hand for men were 12.5 ± 2.8 mm (mean ± SD), median 12 mm, and for women were 10.5 ± 2.3 mm, median 10 mm.

Estudio estructural del MoO3 y sus planos cristalinos

In the present work we present geometric models of the most studied MoO3 surfaces, which were obtained using the DTMM 2.0 Molecular Modeller software. MoO3 has an orthorhombic layered structure, with each layer comprised of two interleaved planes of MoO6 octahedral. These layers are parallel to the (010) crystal plane and only oxygen ions are exposed on their surfaces. This situation results in weak van der Waals bonding between layers and in a relatively inert surface. In our approach to surface geometric structure we consider "ideal" crystal surface, in which the bulk atomic arrangement is maintained. These surfaces were generated by imaginary cleavage along appropriate planes in the bulk crystal structure.

The dawn of paraconsistency: Russia's logical thought in the turn of XX century

The paper deals with the factors which enabled N. A. Vasiliev to put forward in 1910 - 12 the idea of logics free of the laws of contradiction and excluded middle, the idea of metalogic and to construct his imaginary logic as novel non-classical system. It is shown that background of Vasiliev's ideas lies deeply in Russia's culture and particular approach to logical discourse. Several Russian scholars expressed ideas similar to Vasiliev's though not in such explicit form. This period might be called the prehistory of paraconsistency. Real history of paraconsistency starts with N.C.A. da Costa's works.

Panel Method Formulation for Oscillating Airfoils in Sonic Flow

The mathematical model for two-dimensional unsteady sonic flow, based on the classical diffusion equation with imaginary coefficient, is presented and discussed. The main purpose is to develop a rigorous formulation in order to bring into light the correspondence between the sonic, supersonic and subsonic panel method theory. Source and doublet integrals are obtained and Laplace transformation demonstrates that, in fact, the source integral is the solution of the doublet integral equation. It is shown that the doublet-only formulation reduces to a Volterra integral equation of the first kind and a numerical method is proposed in order to solve it. To the authors' knowledge this is the first reported solution to the unsteady sonic thin airfoil problem through the use of doublet singularities. Comparisons with the source-only formulation are shown for the problem of a flat plate in combined harmonic heaving and pitching motion.

The attentional modulation of the flash-lag effect

If a dot is flashed in perfect alignment with a pair of dots rotating around the visual fixation point, most observers perceive the rotating dots as being ahead of the flashing dot (flash-lag effect). This perceptual effect has been interpreted to result from the perceptual extrapolation of the moving dots, the differential visual latencies between flashing and moving stimuli, as well as the modulation of attentional mechanisms. Here we attempted to uncouple the attentional effects brought about by the spatial predictability of the flashing dot from the sensory effects dependent on its visual eccentricity. The stimulus was a pair of dots rotating clockwise around the fixation point. Another dot was flashed at either the upper right or the lower left of the visual field according to three separate blocked situations: fixed, alternate and random positions. Twenty-four participants had to judge, in all three situations, the location of the rotating dots in relation to the imaginary line connecting the flashing dot and the fixation point at the moment the dot was flashed. The flash-lag effect was observed in all three situations, and a clear influence of the spatial predictability of the flashing dot on the magnitude of the perceptual phenomenon was revealed, independently of sensory effects related to the eccentricity of the stimulus in the visual field. These findings are consistent with our proposal that, in addition to sensory factors, the attentional set modulates the magnitude of the differential latencies that give rise to the flash-lag phenomenon.