Effects of isoflavones on beany flavor and astringency of soymilk and cooked whole soybean grains

Flavor is the main limiting factor affecting soybean acceptability in the Occidental countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the effetcs of isoflavones on soybean flavor. Differences in beany flavor and astringency of soymilk and cooked whole soybean grains, prepared with cultivars IAS 5 and BR-36 (136 and 54 mg of total isoflavones /100 g of sample, respectively) with pre-soaking and pre-heating of grains, were sensorially analised, by an unstructured category scale of ascending intensity. Differences in isoflavone contents for both soybean cultivars were maintained in the two products, despite the pre-treatments in the processing. Pre-soaking of grains intensified beany flavor in the soymilk, reducing the perception of astringency, which is caused by the aglucones that were developed in reduced amounts.The whole soybeans grains cooked under pressure (1.5 kgf/cm² at 127°C) presented reduced levels of isoflavones malonyl-glucosides. Due to thermal instability, these compounds were converted to conjugated glucosides, genistin and daidzin. In the cooked whole soybean grains, no aglucones were formed and consequently it was not possible to detect differences in astringency. Results suggest that pre-heating of grains promote better flavor in soybean products.

Bromofenóis simples relacionados ao "flavor" de organismos marinhos

The perception of the flavor is an important attribute of quality in marine fish and other seafoods, being the first and main factor of discrimination for the evaluation, later acceptance and preference of the product by the consumer. Recently, the simple bromophenols have been considered an important group of key flavor compounds occurring in a wide variety of seafood species like fishes, mollusks, crustaceans and algae. When present in high concentration, in seafood, the bromophenols produce an undesirable flavor and are associated with inferior quality. Meanwhile, when present in low concentration levels (for example ng g-1) these compounds produce a desirable marine - or ocean-like - flavor and enhance the existing flavor in seafood. Indeed, simple bromophenols are widespread in seafood but virtually absent in freshwater fish. Herein we present a review on these flavor components found in the marine environment.

Influence of color on acceptance and identification of flavor of foods by adults

The sensory characteristics color and flavor of food play an important role not only in the selection, but also in the determination of consumption, satiation, and ingestion. With the objective to determine and evaluate the influence of color on the acceptance and identification of flavor of foods for adults, sensory analysis was performed on jellies by non-trained tasters of both sexes aged between 18 and 60 years (1750 tests). A hedonic scale and combinations of five colors (red, yellow, green, blue and purple) and three flavors (strawberry, pineapple, and limes) were used in the acceptance test totaling 15 samples. In the duo-trio discrimination test, together with the reference sample (R), one sample identical to the reference and another of identical color and different flavor were offered, and the judges were requested to identify the sample that was different from the reference sample. The colors used did not influence the acceptance of the samples (P > 0.05), and as there was not significant interaction between color and flavor. However, the limes flavor negatively influenced acceptance when compared to the other flavors. With regard to flavor differentiation, the colors used did not influence flavor identification (P > 0.05); However, differentiated behavior was identified between females and males, and the latter were more error-prone. Therefore, under the experimental conditions tested, color did not influence the acceptance and identification of the flavor of the samples by adults.

Cajá-flavored drinks: a proposal for mixed flavor beverages and a study of the consumer profile

Mixed flavor beverages represent a trend that is gaining the allegiance of potential fruit juice consumers. The present study proposed to prepare mixed flavor beverages and verify their consumer acceptance. Cajá beverage (sample A) was used as the standard. The other beverages were prepared by mixing the cajá-flavored product with other flavors: strawberry (B), pineapple (C), jabuticaba (D), mango (E) and cashew (F). The consumer profiles in the two regions studied were similar. Overall beverages B, A and F were the most accepted, with scores of 7.7, 6.4 and 6.2, respectively. Internal Preference Mapping showed that most of the consumers were located near beverages A, B and F, confirming the acceptance results. The consumers indicated appearance and flavor as the most appreciated characteristics in beverages A, B and F. Beverages A, B and F presented higher total soluble solids contents and viscosities than the other beverages. Consumer segmentation did not depend on the different levels of familiarity with the cajá flavor. Thus the preparation of mixed flavor beverages of cajá-strawberry and cajá-cashew is an excellent proposal because it presents flavors with good potential for marketing in different regions of Brazil.

Study on creation of an indocalamus leaf flavor

Abstract Flavors represent a small but significant segment of food industry. Sensory characteristics play an important role in the process of consumer acceptance and preference. Indocalamus leaf takes on a pleasant odor and indocalamus leaf flavor can be used in many products. However, indocalamus leaf flavor formula has not been reported. Therefore, developing an indocalamus leaf flavor is of significant interests. Note is a distinct flavor or odor characteristic. This paper concentrates on preparation and creation of indocalamus leaf flavor according to the notes of indocalamus leaf. The notes were obtained by smelling indocalamus leaf, and the results showed that the notes of indocalamus leaf flavor can be classified as: green-leafy note, sweet note, beany note, aldehydic note, waxy note, woody note, roast note, creamy note, and nutty note. According to the notes of indocalamus leaf odor, a typical indocalamus leaf flavor formula was obtained. The indocalamus leaf flavor blended is pleasant, harmonious, and has characteristics of indocalamus leaf odor.

Influence of strawberry jam color and phenolic compounds on acceptance during storage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the color and phenolic compounds of strawberry jam on acceptance during storage. Jams were processed, stored for 120 days and evaluated monthly for chromatic characteristics, total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins (ANT), total ellagic acid (TEA), flavonoids and free ellagic acid (FEA), and sensory acceptance as well. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were compared by the Least Significant Difference (LSD). Cluster Analysis and Partial Least Square Regression (PLS) were performed to investigate the relationships between instrumental data and acceptance. Contents of ANT, TEA and redness decreased during storage. Other chemical characteristics and sensory acceptance showed a nonlinear behavior. Higher acceptance was observed after 60 days, suggesting a trend of quality improvement followed by decline to the initial levels. The same trend was observed for lightness, non-pigment flavonoids and FEA. According to PLS map, for consumers in cluster 2, acceptance was associated to jams at 60 days and to luminosity, FEA, and non-pigment flavonoids. For cluster 1, a positive association between flavor liking, jam at initial storage, and the contents of TEA and ANT was indicated. Jams at 120 days were positively associated to hue and negatively associated to color liking, for cluster 1. Color and texture were positively correlated to overall liking for cluster 2, whereas for cluster 1, overall acceptance seemed to be more associated to flavor liking. Changes in color and phenolic compounds slightly influenced the acceptance of strawberry jams, but in different ways for consumers clusters.

Beliefs and attitudes about endemic dental fluorosis among adolescents in rural Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To understand beliefs and attitudes about fluorosis among young people living in a rural area. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with 23 adolescents with dental fluorosis, 14 teachers and three health authorities in the city of São Francisco, Southeastern Brazil, in 2002. Content analysis and social representation theory were applied. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: The organoleptic characteristics of carbonates that affect groundwater (salty flavor, whitish coloration, and turbidity) associated with negative aspects of household use of this water are considered a cause of mottled enamel. Even after contact with researchers who investigated this phenomenon and helped find a solution for this condition, the local population is still unwilling to accept fluoride as the cause of the problem and does not fully agree to use water from other sources because they are afraid of the quality of water. CONCLUSIONS: Misperceptions of the causes of dental fluorosis and water treatment costs compromise the implementation of uncontaminated surface water supplies. Health education strategies are required in parallel with solutions for securing water supply in drought-ravaged areas.

Aproveitamento do camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) para produção de bebida alcoólica fermentada

O elevado teor de ácido ascórbico no camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia McVaugh, Myrtaceae) desperta o interesse de extrativistas, agricultores e consumidores, e leva à necessidade de desenvolvimento de tecnologias adequadas para produção em terra firme e aproveitamento industrial do fruto. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a adequação do camu-camu para a produção de bebida alcoólica fermentada, assim como o efeito do branqueamento do fruto e da incorporação da casca à polpa nas características nutricionais e sensoriais da bebida. Os frutos foram separados em quatro lotes, sendo dois branqueados (90 ºC por 7 min). Após a despolpa, as cascas de um lote de cada tratamento (com e sem branqueamento) foram incorporadas às respectivas polpas e avaliadas quanto à composição química (umidade, pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis, açúcares, ácido ascórbico, compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e flavonóides). Após a correção do mosto com açúcar, pasteurização, fermentação (25 dias), trasfega, pasteurização (70 ºC por 15 min), filtragem e clarificação, as bebidas foram avaliadas quanto a composição química, edulcoradas e submetidas à análise sensorial. O branqueamento reduziu a concentração de ácido ascórbico das polpas (33 %) e a agregação da casca aumentou os teores de matéria seca (39 % polpa), ácido ascórbico (33 % na polpa, 23 % no mosto e 50 % na bebida) e fenólicos (50 % bebida). O perfil sensorial e a aceitabilidade sugerem que o camu-camu é adequado para a produção de bebida alcoólica fermentada e que a agregação da casca à polpa contribuiu positivamente para a aceitabilidade (6,7 com casca e 6,2 sem casca, na escala de 9 pontos). As bebidas apresentaram flavor característico do fruto, limpidez, coloração vermelho-laranjada e sabor agradável.

Efeito de algumas variáveis de processamento sobre propriedades organoléticas, físicas e químicas de massa obtida com a carne de poedeiras (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Carne de galinhas leves, da raça Leghorn, foi utilizada, ao final da exploração comercial, para estudar o efeito da adição de sais (cloreto de sódio, isoladamente, ou em combinação com fosfatos alcalinos), em diferentes fases do processamento, sobre características organoléticas, físicas e químicas da carne. Soluções salinas foram injetadas nas carcaças imediatamente após a evisceração, seis horas após a mesma e depois de um período de congelação (-23°C) de cerca de um mês e meio. Feita a desossa, a carne recebeu, como ingrediente de cura, nitrito de sódio e, como flavorizante, uma solução aquosa de componentes da fumaça. Após trituração, a massa assim obtida foi submetida a processamento térmico até a temperatura interna de 80°C e, depois de resfriada, congelada a -23°C por cerca de dois meses. Em teste de preferência, realizado pelo método da escala hedônica, as amostras foram classificadas, em média, como agradáveis, para os fatores de qualidade considerados (cor, textura e «flavor»); houve exceção das amostras obtidas através da adição de cloreto de sódio, isoladamente, antes da congelação da carne crua, as quais foram consideradas desagradáveis em relação à cor e à textura. Os resultados sugerem que uma semi-conserva de boa aceitação em nosso meio pode ser obtida - através de processamento envolvendo desossa, trituração, cura, defumação e pasteurização - com a carne de poedeiras descartadas da produção por motivo de ordem econômica. Os resultados sugerem também a existência de um efeito positivo, sobre a liga, do pirofosfato de sódio, adicionado à carne (juntamente com cloreto de sódio) logo após o abate, em relação à adição feita seis horas «post mortem».

Influência do tipo de embalagem nas propriedades organoléticas de passas de banana

No presente trabalho efetuou-se o estudo de diferentes embalagens para passas de banana, procurando-se estabelecer suas influências nos atributos sensoriais do produto. Os frutos em pleno amadurecimento, sem casca, após passagem por orifícios de borracha foram pré-aquecidos e tratados com SO2, desidratados e acondicionados em celofane, polietileno, folha de alumínio e em alumínio mais polietileno ("combinado"). Os efeitos das diferentes embalagens nas propriedades organoléticas das passas de banana foram avaliados em termos de cor, "flavor", textura e qualidade geral. Os resultados mostraram que, até os 45 dias de armazenamento, a qualidade das passas de banana acondicionadas em filme de polietileno, folha de alumínio e no "combinado" foi satisfatória para todos os atributos estudados. Aos 75 dias de armazenamento, o filme de polietileno foi o que proporcionou melhor qualidade geral ao produto. Aos 105 dias de armazenamento, nenhum dos materiais em estudo conseguiu manter a qualidade geral em bom nível. Verificou-se também que o celofane foi o material que melhor manteve a cor do produto até os 105 dias de armazenamento, porém apresentou limitações no que tange à textura das passa de banana e ao ataque de insetos.

Efeito de reguladores do crescimento nas características tecnológicas das frutificações do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Gigante Piedade)

No presente trabalho foi estudado o efeito de reguladores de crescimento (CCC, Alar, Giberelina e Ethephon) nas características do tomate. Os reguladores foram aplicados uma só vez, em pulverização foliar aos 38 dias após a semeação. Foram efetuadas duas colheitas, aos 60 dias e aos 100 dias após a aplicação dos reguladores. A qualidade foi avaliada através de análises físicas (Brix e cor), químicas (pH, ácido ascórbico e atividade de pectinesterase) e sensorials (cor, "flavor", aspectos interno e externo). Dentro das condições deste experimento os autores concluíram que a aplicação daquelas substâncias não teve influência no pH, na cor, nos conteúdos de sólidos solúveis e de ácido ascórbico dos frutos. Houve pequena influência na atividade da pectinesterase porém, devida à interação entre tratamentos e época de colheita. O "flavor" não foi afetado pelos tratamentos, mas os tomates da segunda colheita foram significativamente melhores. O aspecto interno e o externo foram bastante afetados, tendo o Ethephon sido o pior e o CCC, o melhor. Em termos de qualidade geral, os tratamentos classificaram-se, de acordo com a preferência dos julgadores, em ordem decrescente de qualidade como segue: CCC, Ethephon, Testemunha, Giberelina e Alar.

Estudo sobre o processamento do palmito (Euterpe edulis Mart.) por apertização: II. influência de métodos de controle do escurecimento enzímico

Com o objetivo de melhorar sua qualidade, foi estudada a influência de alguns métodos de controle do escurecimento enzímico no processamento do palmito (Euterpe edulis Mart.) por apertização. Os resultados mostraram que, de um modo geral, o ácido ascórbico foi o meIhor método de controle do escurecimento enzímico, para todos os atributos de qualidade, exceto para textura, em que o branqueamento foi superior. Para os três primeiros cortes, em particular, o ácido ascórbico superou o branqueamento para todos os atributos de qualidade. Já para os últimos cortes, o branqueamento apresentou os melhores resultados, exceto para "flavor". Este atributo de qualidade foi melhor preservado no palmito processado, pelo ácido arcórbico.

Estudo sobre o processamento do palmito (Euterpe edulis Mart.). por apertização: III. Influencia de soluções de espera e tempos de esterilização

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência da composição da solução de espera e de tempos de esterilização na qualidade do palmito (Euterpe edulis Mart.) processado por apertização. Os resultados mostraram que, de um modo geral, o melhor método de processamento foi o que empregou a solução de espera 5% NaCl + 1% K2S2O5 Combinada com os tempos de esterilização de 50 minutos para os três primeiros cortes e de 60 minutos para os últimos cortes. Para os três primeiros cortes, em particular, o método que empregou a solução de espera 5% NaCl+1% ácido cítrico combinada com o tempo de esterilização de 45 minutos, foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados para todos os atributos de qualidade, exceto para "flavor", em que a solução de espera 1% ácido cítrico+0,25% ácido ascórbico com 40 minutos de esterilização foi superior.

Activity of beta-glucosidase and levels of isoflavone glucosides in soybean cultivars affected by the environment

The enzyme beta-glucosidase hydrolyses the isoflavone glucosides developing aglycones, which are compounds with anticancer effects, that are also related with the astringency observed in soybean flavor. Due to the importance of this enzyme, a study was carried out to determine beta-glucosidase activity in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars with different contents of isoflavone glucosides (enzyme substrate). The enzyme activity was determined in 51 soybean cultivars sowed in Londrina (latitude 23ºS), in Paraná State, Brazil, and in the cultivar IAS 5 from soybean production regions of different Brazilian states. Among the cultivars, a range of variability of 176.1 to 96.3 units of enzyme activity (cultivars IAC-2 and Embrapa 2, respectively) was observed. A significant variability among cultivars could suggest genetic differences. In the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul, the cultivar IAS 5 presented similar average of beta-glucosidase activity: 132.1, 131.9 and 132.5 units, respectively. Among locations in the states, the cultivar IAS 5 presented a variability for enzyme activity from 138.8 to 124.8 units, which were statistically different. In spite of statistics, the numerical values were not too different to assume that environmental conditions affected enzyme activity. A non-significative correlation for isoflavone glucoside concentrations and enzyme activity was observed among cultivars.

Yield and fruit quality of apple from conventional and organic production systems

The objective of this study was to assess the yield and fruit quality of apple produced with a conventional and an organic production systems in Southern Brazil. The orchards consisted of alternate rows from 10 to 12-year old 'Royal Gala' and 'Fuji' apple trees on M.7 rootstocks, grown as slender spindles, on 4x6 m spacing. Eighteen apple trees of each cultivar and management system were randomly selected and assessed for nutrition, flowering, fruit set, yield, and fruit quality during two growing seasons (2002/2003 and 2003/2004). The organic management system resulted in lower concentrations of K, Mg, and N in leaves and fruits, and in smaller fruits for both cultivars, and lower fruit yield for 'Fuji' than from the conventional production system. For both cultivars, fruits from the organic orchard harvested at commercial maturity had a more yellowish skin background color, higher percentage of blush in the fruit skin, higher soluble solids content, higher density, higher flesh firmness, and higher severity of russet than fruits from the conventional orchard. Fruit from the organic orchard had lower titratable acidity in 'Royal Gala', and higher incidence of moldy core and lower incidence of watercore in 'Fuji', than fruit from the conventional orchard. A non-trained sensory panel detected no significant differences for fruit attributes of taste, flavor and texture between fruit from the production systems for either cultivar.