Determination of reactivity rates of silicate particle-size fractions

The efficiency of sources used for soil acidity correction depends on reactivity rate (RR) and neutralization power (NP), indicated by effective calcium carbonate (ECC). Few studies establish relative efficiency of reactivity (RER) for silicate particle-size fractions, therefore, the RER applied for lime are used. This study aimed to evaluate the reactivity of silicate materials affected by particle size throughout incubation periods in comparison to lime, and to calculate the RER for silicate particle-size fractions. Six correction sources were evaluated: three slags from distinct origins, dolomitic and calcitic lime separated into four particle-size fractions (2, 0.84, 0.30 and <0.30-mm sieves), and wollastonite, as an additional treatment. The treatments were applied to three soils with different texture classes. The dose of neutralizing material (calcium and magnesium oxides) was applied at equal quantities, and the only variation was the particle-size material. After a 90-day incubation period, the RER was calculated for each particle-size fraction, as well as the RR and ECC of each source. The neutralization of soil acidity of the same particle-size fraction for different sources showed distinct solubility and a distinct reaction between silicates and lime. The RER for slag were higher than the limits established by Brazilian legislation, indicating that the method used for limes should not be used for the slags studied here.

Ensaios terapêuticos com penicilina V-Bouba (Framboesia, pian, yaws): I - Dose curatina mínima: II - Redução do número de injeções diarias: III - Redução de tempo de tratamento pelo emprêgo de doses mais elevadas

This report belongs to the series of works carried out Oswaldo Cruz Ins¬titute, on the treatment of treponematosis with penicillin. The present report deals with investigations performed in order to ascer¬tain the following points: 1) the mininal curative dosis for the initial lesions of yaws; 2) the effect of reduction of the number of injections each day, to verifie the possibility of application of penicillin in the prophylaxis of yaws in rural zones; 3) reduction of the time of treatment by application of high dosis. 1) With dosis of 150 and 100 Oxford units each four hours, clinical reco¬very was obtained after 17 days of treatment. With 50 O.u. during 40 days clinical recovery was not obtained. 2) a) With 3 injections of 400 O.u. each day (6,12 and 18 hoórs clocks) clinical recovery was obtained after 14 to 16 days; b) with 2 injections of 400 O.u. each day (6 and 18 hoors clocks), clinical recovery was obtained after 16 to 23 days; c) with 1 injection of 1.600 and 3.200 each day, clinical recovery was obtained after 30 and 20 days. 3) With dosis of 33.3 and 46.7 O.u. by each kilo of weight each four hours, during 15 days, clinical recovery was obtained more or less in 25 days. The same result was obtained with the dosis of 61.5 and 166.7 O.u. by each kilo of weight, each four hours, during 4 days. But with 100.000 O.u. in fine dosis of 20.000 in a day ou by, clinical recovery was not obtained.

Effects of erosion and deposition on particle size distribution of deposited farmland soils on the chinese loess plateau

Particle size distribution (PSD) in the soil profile is strongly related to erosion, deposition, and physical and chemical processes. Water cycling and plant growth are also affected by PSD. Material sedimented upstream of the dam constructions formed large areas of deposited farmland (DF) soils on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), which has been the site of the most severe soil erosion in the world. Two DFs without tillage on the CLP were chosen to study the combined effect of erosion and check dams on PSD. Eighty-eight layers (each 10 cm thick) of filled deposited farmland (FDF) soils and 22 layers of silting deposited farmland (SDF) soils of each studied soil profile were collected and 932 soil samples were investigated using laser granulometry. The particle sizes were stratified in both DFs based on soil properties and erosion resistance. The obtained results of clay and silt fractions showed similar horizontal distribution, indicating parallel characteristics of erosion and deposition processes. Fine sand represented the largest fraction, suggesting the preferential detachment of this fraction. The most erodible range of particle sizes was 0.25-0.5 mm, followed by 0.2-0.25 mm in the studied soil profiles. The correlation between particle size and soil water contents tended to increase with increasing water contents in FDF. Due to the abundant shallow groundwater, the relationship between particle size and soil water content in SDF was lost. Further studies on PSD in the DF area are needed to enhance the conservation management of soil and water resources in this region.

Performance of a reciprocal shaker in mechanical dispersion of soil samples for particle-size analysis

The dispersion of the samples in soil particle-size analysis is a fundamental step, which is commonly achieved with a combination of chemical agents and mechanical agitation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a low-speed reciprocal shaker for the mechanical dispersion of soil samples of different textural classes. The particle size of 61 soil samples was analyzed in four replications, using the pipette method to determine the clay fraction and sieving to determine coarse, fine and total sand fractions. The silt content was obtained by difference. To evaluate the performance, the results of the reciprocal shaker (RSh) were compared with data of the same soil samples available in reports of the Proficiency testing for Soil Analysis Laboratories of the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (Prolab/IAC). The accuracy was analyzed based on the maximum and minimum values defining the confidence intervals for the particle-size fractions of each soil sample. Graphical indicators were also used for data comparison, based on dispersion and linear adjustment. The descriptive statistics indicated predominantly low variability in more than 90 % of the results for sand, medium-textured and clay samples, and for 68 % of the results for heavy clay samples, indicating satisfactory repeatability of measurements with the RSh. Medium variability was frequently associated with silt, followed by the fine sand fraction. The sensitivity analyses indicated an accuracy of 100 % for the three main separates (total sand, silt and clay), in all 52 samples of the textural classes heavy clay, clay and medium. For the nine sand soil samples, the average accuracy was 85.2 %; highest deviations were observed for the silt fraction. In relation to the linear adjustments, the correlation coefficients of 0.93 (silt) or > 0.93 (total sand and clay), as well as the differences between the angular coefficients and the unit < 0.16, indicated a high correlation between the reference data (Prolab/IAC) and results obtained with the RSh. In conclusion, the mechanical dispersion by the reciprocal shaker of soil samples of different textural classes was satisfactory. The results allowed recommending the use of the equipment at low agitation for particle size- analysis. The advantages of this Brazilian apparatus are its low cost, the possibility to simultaneously analyze a great number of samples using ordinary, easily replaceable glass or plastic bottles.

Desenvolvimento e validação de método analítico para determinação simultânea de lamivudina, zidovudina e nevirapina em comprimidos dose-fixa combinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

An analytical method has been developed and validated for the quantitation of lamivudine, zidovudine and nevirapine in the fixed-dose combination film-coated tablet by high performance liquid chromatography, in accordance with RE No. 899/2003, National Sanitary Surveillance Agency. It was based on an isocratic elution system with a potassium phosphate buffer pH 3.0: acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) mobile phase, C18, 250 x 46 mm column, 10µm particle size, λ 270 nm. The statistically evaluated results have shown that the method is specific, precise, accurate, and robust, ensuring the analytical safety of 3TC, AZT and NVP determination, which emerges as a new therapeutic alternative for antiretroviral treatment.

Fine-tuning of defensive behaviors in the dorsal periaqueductal gray by atypical neurotransmitters

This paper presents an up-to-date review of the evidence indicating that atypical neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide (NO) and endocannabinoids (eCBs) play an important role in the regulation of aversive responses in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Among the results supporting this role, several studies have shown that inhibitors of neuronal NO synthase or cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor agonists cause clear anxiolytic responses when injected into this region. The nitrergic and eCB systems can regulate the activity of classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that control PAG activity. We propose that they exert a ‘fine-tuning’ regulatory control of defensive responses in this area. This control, however, is probably complex, which may explain the usually bell-shaped dose-response curves observed with drugs that act on NO- or CB1-mediated neurotransmission. Even if the mechanisms responsible for this complex interaction are still poorly understood, they are beginning to be recognized. For example, activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 channel (TRPV1) receptors by anandamide seems to counteract the anxiolytic effects induced by CB1 receptor activation caused by this compound. Further studies, however, are needed to identify other mechanisms responsible for this fine-tuning effect.

Dose inseminante utilizada na fertilização artificial de ovócito de piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus)

A piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus Valenciennes, 1849) é uma espécie de peixe migratória, ameaçada de extinção. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a dose inseminante na fertilização artificial de ovócitos de piracanjuba. Para isso, utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Três casais de piracanjuba, selecionados dos tanques de reprodutores da Estação Ambiental de Itutinga (EAI - CEMIG), no período de piracema 2006/2007, receberam aplicação de hormônio extrato bruto de hipófise de carpa (EBHC) para obtenção dos gametas. Adotaram-se quatro tratamentos diferentes para a fertilização de 0,1 grama de ovócitos: 10µL, 20µL, 30µL e 40µL de sêmen. As amostras foram ativadas com 5 mL de água do próprio tanque e, em seguida, levadas para incubadoras, dotadas de renovação constante de água, à temperatura de 28ºC. Após 8 e 16 horas, analisaram-se as taxas de fertilização (ovos viáveis) e de eclosão dos ovos, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. As relações sêmen-ovócitos testadas não alteraram as taxas de fertilização e eclosão (P>0,05). O número de espermatozoides-ovócitos, variando de 10,4 x10(5) a 41,6 x10(5), foi eficiente para obtenção de boas taxas de fertilidade.

Spatial variability of particle size fractions of an Oxisol cultivated with conilon coffee

Information on the spatial distribution of particle size fractions is essential for use planning and management of soils. The aim of this work to was to study the spatial variability of particle size fractions of a Typic Hapludox cultivated with conilon coffee. The soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m in the coffee canopy projection, totaling 109 georeferentiated points. At the depth of 0.2-0.4 m the clay fraction showed average value significantly higher, while the sand fraction showed was higher in the depth of 0-0.20 m. The silt showed no significant difference between the two depths. The particle size fractions showed medium and high spatial variability. The levels of total sand and clay have positive and negative correlation, respectively, with the altitude of the sampling points, indicating the influence of landscape configuration.

Ampicilina K em dose única, por via oral, no tratamento da gonorréia

Foram tratados 70 pacientes do sexo masculino portadores de uretrite gonocócica aguda com 3,0 g de Ampicilina K por via oral, em dose única. Em 87,1% dos casos houve desaparecimento da secreção uretral; na grande maioria dos casos entre 24 e 72 horas. Considerados mais 3 casos em que houve persistência da secreção pós tratamento, mas com ausência de gonococos aos exames bacteriológicos (cura bacteriológica) o sucesso terapêutico pode ser elevado para 91,4%.

Hetacilina em dose única no tratamento da gonorréia

Foram tratados 155 pacientes do sexo masculino, portadores de uretrite gonocócica aguda, com 3,0 g de Hetacilina K por via oral (70 casos) ou 1,0 g do mesmo medicamento por via intramuscular (85 casos). Em 88,6% dos casos tratados pela via oral, e em 93% dos casos tratados com uma injeção intramuscular, o corrimento desapareceu em um tempo médio de 48 horas. Não foram observadas reações de intolerância ao medicamento.

Cicatrização de lesões cutâneas de leishmaniose americana com dose única de pamoato de cicloguanil

Relata-se a completa cicatrização de lesões de leishmaniose tegumentar americana, com Pamoato de Cicloguanil (Comolar Parke-Davis) em 33 pacientes, dos quais 28 receberam dose única e 5 dose dupla desse quimioterápico. O diagnóstico foi comprovado pela presença de leishmanias ao exame direto de laboratório. A idade das lesões variou de 8 dias até 12 meses, com 82% dos casos entre 8 e 30 dias. O tempo médio de cicatrização foi de 104 dias variando entre 60 e 170 dias, para os doentes que receberam apenas uma dose do medicamento. Os doentes que receberam duas doses tiveram a completa cicatrização com tempo médio de 163 dias, após a primeira dose e 85 dias após a segunda. Após a cicatrização, os doentes foram controlados por um período médio de 8,4 meses variando entre 3 e 19 meses. A observação mostrou que a cura das lesões é de forma mais retardada, podendo em muitos casos haver uma recrudescência das lesões e, em alguns casos, uma segunda dose acelera a cura.

Quantificação de anticorpos diftéricos em cobaias: I - persistência do título de anticorpos séricos em animais inoculados com uma dose de toxóide diftérico

Foi estudado o comportamento da cinética de anticorpogénese em cobaias inoculadas com uma dose de toxóide diftérico precipitado pelo alúmen. Paralelamente, foi estudada a dinâmica da imunidade passiva naturalmente transmitida aos filhotes. Em cobaias vacinadas com uma dose de antígeno, foi verificado que a síntese de antitoxina diftérica persiste, em títulos detectáveis, até 36 meses após. Os anticorpos transferidos, passivamente, da mãe vacinada para os filhotes atingiram, nestes, concentrações plasmáticas superiores, sendo que a imunidade perdurou em títulos detectáveis até cerca de três meses de idade dos mesmos.

Efeito dose-resposta de fatores de risco para a doença isquêmica do coração

Resultados de diversos estudos têm apontado a relevância da hipertensão arterial, do hábito de fumar e da hipercolesterolemia como fatores de risco para a doença isquêmica do coração (DIC). Poucos autores têm investigado a existência de gradiente linear relacionando a quantidade destas exposições com os eventos coronarianos. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes graus de exposição a estas variáveis sobre a DIC, procedendo-se ao ajustamento para possíveis variáveis de confusão, foi feito estudo planejado sob a forma de desenho tipo caso-controle, tendo a coleta de dados se estendido de março de 1993 a fevereiro de 1994. Foram estudados 833 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária compreendida entre 30 e 69 anos completos, sendo todos residentes no Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil). Foram comparados 280 casos com 553 controles (285 controles de vizinhança e 268 controles hospitalares). A técnica estatística utilizada para a análise dos dados foi a regressão logística multivariada. Os resultados permitiram identificar gradiente linear para as variáveis duração da hipertensão arterial e para número de cigarros consumidos/dia. As variáveis duração do hábito de fumar e duração da hipercolesterolemia, embora tendo apresentado "odds ratios" significantes para as respectivas categorias de exposição, não apresentaram gradiente linear. Foram discutidos aspectos metodológicos que poderiam exercer influência sobre a tendência dos "odds ratios" nas categorias de exposição das variáveis duração do hábito de fumar e duração da hipercolesterolemia. Conclui-se que os efeitos dose-resposta observados para as variáveis duração da hipertensão arterial e número de cigarros consumidos/dia foram independentes da presença nos modelos de potentes fatores de risco para a doença isquêmica do coração.

Air pollution and its impacts on health in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity of children and adults in the city of Vitoria, state of Espirito Santo. METHODS A study was carried out using time-series models via Poisson regression from hospitalization and pollutant data in Vitoria, ES, Southeastern Brazil, from 2001 to 2006. Fine particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) were tested as independent variables in simple and cumulative lags of up to five days. Temperature, humidity and variables indicating weekdays and city holidays were added as control variables in the models. RESULTS For each increment of 10 µg/m3 of the pollutants PM10, SO2, and O3, the percentage of relative risk (%RR) for hospitalizations due to total respiratory diseases increased 9.67 (95%CI 11.84-7.54), 6.98 (95%CI 9.98-4.17) and 1.93 (95%CI 2.95-0.93), respectively. We found %RR = 6.60 (95%CI 9.53-3.75), %RR = 5.19 (95%CI 9.01-1.5), and %RR = 3.68 (95%CI 5.07-2.31) for respiratory diseases in children under the age of five years for PM10, SO2, and O3, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases showed a significant relationship with O3, with %RR = 2.11 (95%CI 3.18-1.06). CONCLUSIONS Respiratory diseases presented a stronger and more consistent relationship with the pollutants researched in Vitoria. A better dose-response relationship was observed when using cumulative lags in polynomial distributed lag models.