ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF HOUSEHOLD FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN BRAZILIAN LOWER-MIDDLE-CLASS

Through two complementary and exploratory studies – one qualitative and one quantitative – this research aims to understand the ways in which lower-middle-class families in Brazil manage their household finances. The study proposes an integrated framework that brings together various previously disconnected theoretical fragments. Based on a survey with a sample of 165 lower-middle-class female consumers of a retail company in São Paulo, we explored and tested, via a quantitative study, how antecedents such as personal characteristics affect the financial management process, as well as its consequences, either negatively as defaults or positively as savings. The model calibration and analysis were derived from a series of regression analyses. The results revealed the mediator role that financial management plays in the relationship between personal characteristics and defaults and savings. Compared to previous studies with consumers of more affluent countries, we identified peculiar findings among Brazilian lower-middle-class consumers: inadequate attention to control, weak or no focus on short- or long-range planning, widespread absence of budget surplus, and influence of critical events on episodes of default.

Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomíase americana: VII. Permanência e mobilidade do Triatoma sordida em relação aos ecótopos artificiais

Nas colônias desenvolvidas espontaneamente em ecótopos artificiais, representados por galinheiros experimentais, procurou-se observar a permanência e a mobilidade de Triatoma sordida. Para tanto, procedeu-se à marcação individual de adultos e ninfas de 4.° e 5.° estádios, bem como à instalação de abrigos ao redor daqueles biótopos. Os dados obtidos permitiram observar a curta permanência dos primeiros na colônia, não ultrapassando o período de dois meses para a maioria dessas formas. A mobilidade evidenciou-se pela presença de ovos e ninfas de 1.° estádio, nos esconderijos instalados, e as evidências sugeriram ser devidas à passagem dos adultos por esses ecótopos. Concluiu-se que esta espécie é dotada de elevada capacidade de disseminação, em concordância com sua apreciável valência ecológica.

Estudo das condições de saúde das crianças do Município de São Paulo (Brasil), 1984/1985: VII - Parasitoses intestinais

Como parte de estudo populacional sobre condições de saúde na infância, uma amostra representativa das crianças menores de cinco anos residentes no Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil) (n=695) foi submetida a exames parasitológicos de fezes. Os exames foram realizados através da técnica de sedimentação e, quando as fezes tinham consistência amolecida ou liquefeita, também pela técnica do exame direto. A prevalência de enteroparasitoses em geral foi de 30,9%, sendo de 16,4%, 14,5% e 12,5% as prevalências específicas da ascaridíase, giardíase e tricuríase. Prevalências inferiores foram assinaladas para os enteroparasitas E. histolytica, H. nana e S. stercoralis, respectivamente 2,0%, 0,9% e 0,3%. Em apenas uma criança foram encontrados ovos de ancilostomídeos e em nenhuma delas ovos de Schistosoma mansoni. Das crianças examinadas, 13,1% apresentaram duas ou mais espécies de enteroparasitas e 4,8% três ou mais. As prevalências atuais, comparadas às prevalências encontradas em 1973/74 por outro inquérito populacional realizado no município, indicam queda expressiva da ascaridíase e tricuríase, mas não da giardíase. A estratificação das prevalências segundo faixa etária revelou aumento significativo com a idade da criança, chamando atenção o aumento que ocorre do primeiro para o segundo ano de vida. As enteroparasitoses aumentam também significativamente sua freqüência à medida que piora o nível socioeconômico, chegando a ser de nove vezes a diferença de prevalência existente entre os estratos socioeconômicos extremos da população. No caso específico da giardíase o gradiente socioeconômico foi consideravelmente menor do que o encontrado para as demais enteroparasitoses, o que confirma a maior complexidade epidemiológica do problema.

Factors affecting nutrition behavior among middle-class adolescents in urban area of Northern region of Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Brazil has been called a nation in nutrition transitional because of recent increases in the prevalence of obesity and related chronic diseases. With overweight conditions already prevalent among middle-income populations, there exists a need to identify factors that influence nutrition behavior within this group. OBJECTIVE: To address this subject, a research study was implemented among middle-class adolescents attending a large private secondary school in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The study determined the availability and accessibility of snack foods as well as subjects’ attitudes and preferences towards, and the influence of family and friends on healthy (high-nutrient density) snack choices. METHODS: The 4-stage process included: (a) a nutrition expert focus group discussion that reported local nutrition problems in general and factors related to adolescent nutrition, (b) an adolescent pilot survey (n=63) that solicited information about snacking preferences and habits as well as resources for nutrition information and snack money; (c) a survey of various area food market sources to determine the availability and accessibility of high nutrient density snacks; and (d) a follow-up adolescent survey (n=55) that measured snack food preferences and perceptions about their cost and availability. RESULTS: Results included the finding that, although affordable high nutrient density snacks were available, preferences for low nutrient density snacks prevailed. The adolescents were reportedly more likely to be influenced by and obtain nutrition information from family members than friends. CONCLUSION: From study results it is apparent that a focus on food availability will not automatically result in proper nutritional practices among adolescents. This fact and the parental influence detected are evidence of a need to involve adolescents and their parents in nutrition education campaigns to improve adolescent snack food choices.

Alcohol drinking patterns by gender, ethnicity, and social class in Bahia, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To study patterns of alcohol consumption and prevalence of high-risk drinking. METHODS: A household survey was carried out in a sample of 2,302 adults in Salvador, Brazil. Cases of High-Risk Drinking (HRD) were defined as those subjects who referred daily or weekly binge drinking plus episodes of drunkenness and those who reported any use of alcoholic beverages but with frequent drunkenness (at least once a week). RESULTS: Fifty-six per cent of the sample acknowledged drinking alcoholic beverages. Overall consumption was significantly related with gender (male), marital status (single), migration (non-migrant), better educated (college level), and social class (upper). No significant differences were found regarding ethnicity, except for cachaça (Brazilian sugarcane liquor) and other distilled beverages. Overall 12-month prevalence of high-risk drinking was 7%, six times more prevalent among males than females (almost 13% compared to 2.4%). A positive association of HRD prevalence with education and social class was found. No overall relationship was found between ethnicity and HRD. Male gender and higher socioeconomic status were associated with increased odds of HRD. Two-way stratified analyses yielded consistent gender effects throughout all strata of independent variables. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that social and cultural elements determine local patterns of alcohol-drinking behavior. Additional research on long-term and differential effects of gender, ethnicity, and social class on alcohol use and misuse is needed in order to explain their role as sources of social health inequities.

Indicadores das condições nutricionais na região do Polonoroeste: VII. Estudo da prevalência de desnutrição e diarréias, 1985

Os autores realizaram um estudo do estado nutricional por antropometria num grupo de 405 crianças de 3 a 72 meses de idade, residentes na área urbana da cidade de Cáceres - Região do Polonoroeste no Estado do Mato Grosso. Mediante a aplicação de um questionário ao responsável pela criança, pesquisou-se a ocorrência de diarréias na mesma população. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a prevalência de desnutrição e a freqüência de diarréias nessas crianças. Utilizaram-se as classificações propostas por GOMEZ e WATERLOW para verificar a prevalência e a natureza da desnutrição. Foi verificado que a desnutrição ocorreu em 33% das crianças segundo a classificação de GOMEZ. Segundo os critérios de WATERLOW a forma de desnutrição de maior proporção encontrada foi a pregressa, com percentual de 36%. Entre as crianças desnutridas a freqüência de diarréias foi de 47% sendo a relação entre diarréia e desnutrição estatisticamente significante.

Correlation between specific IgM levels and percentage IgG-class antibody avidity to Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasmosis is an usually asymptomatic worldwide disseminated infection. In its congenital presentation it may lead to abortion or fetal malformations. Antenatal evaluation is considered of paramount importance to identify seronegative women and allow for prophylaxis. Recent improvements in sensitivity of IgM tests has made IgM detection an extremely protracted acute phase marker, and IgG avidity evaluation test became necessary. Observation has shown that a correlation can be established between IgM levels and avidity percentages, suggesting that frequently the avidity test may not be necessary. In this study we analyzed Toxoplasma gondii IgM levels of 202 samples and their IgG avidity percentages, in order to define specific levels whose IgM quantification could by itself define serodiagnosis and therefore make the avidity evaluation unnecessary. We showed that for IgM levels bellow 2.0 and above 6.0 serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis could be established without need of IgG avidity test. IgM levels between these two parameters are associated with varying avidity indexes highlighting the importance of its evaluation as a means to confirm toxoplasmosis. Following this demonstration it was possible to avoid the avidity test for 75% of the cases, to reduce the turnaround time and to reduce costs.

Estudos sobre epidemiologia da doença de Chagas no Ceará VII - suscetibilidade de Triatomíneos a diversas cepas locais de Trypanosoma cruzi

Foram isoladas duas cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi de marsupiais de área não endêmica e três cepas de área endêmica: uma de homem, uma de marsupial e uma de cão. Foram utilizados para uma prova de suscetibilidade frente a estas cepas 20 ninfas de 5º estádio das seguintes espécies de triatomíneos e testada previamente a capacidade de sugar camundongos brancos em gramas de sangue: Triatoma brasiliensis sugou uma média de 0,09 g, Triatoma infestans sugou 0,13 g, Panstrongylus megistus sugou 0,13 g e Rhodnius prolixus sugou 0,09 g. O T. infestans infectou-se com as taxas mais elevadas com todas as cepas; o T. brasiliensis foi a espécie que menos infectou-se, sendo seguida de perto pelo R. prolixus o P. megistus foi testado somente com as cepas de área não endêmica, apresentando taxas de infecção intermediárias entre o T. infestans e o T. brasiliensis. As cepas que mais infectam são as de marsupiais e a que menos infecta é a proveniente de cão.

Two competitive enzyme immunoassays for the detection of IgG class antibodies to hepatitis a antigen

Two competitive enzyme immunoassays (EIA) techniques were developed: in the first (COMP-1), test sera were added together with HAV antigen on anti-HAV IgG-coated wells followed by an anti-HA VHRP conjugate; in the second (COMP-2), test sera and anti-HA VHRP conjugate competed for HAV epitopes previously adsorbed to anti-HA V IgG-coated wells. Both procedures used tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate. Both competitive tests were shown to be reproducible and suitable for routine diagnosis and research purposes.

Class-I human leukocyte alleles in leprosy patients from Southern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The present study was designed to investigate a possible role of HLA (histocompatibility leucocyte antigen) class-I alleles (HLA-A, -B, and -C) in leprosy patients from Southern Brazil. METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-five patients with leprosy and 450 individuals for the control group were involved in this research. HLA genotyping was performed through PCR-SSO protocols (One Lambda, USA); the frequency of these alleles was calculated in each group by direct counting, and the frequencies were then compared. RESULTS: There was an association between HLA-A*11 (6.9% vs 4.1%, p=0.0345, OR=1.72, 95% CI=1.05-2.81), HLA-B*38 (2.7% vs. 1.1%, p=0.0402, OR=2.44, 95% CI=1.05-5.69), HLA-C*12 (9.4% vs. 5.4%, p=0.01, OR=1.82, 95% CI=1.17-2.82), and HLA-C*16 (3.1% vs. 6.5%, p=0.0124, OR=0.47, 95% CI=0.26-0.85) and leprosy per se. In addition, HLA-B*35, HLA-C*04, and HLA-C*07 frequencies were different between lepromatous (LL) and tuberculoid (TT) patients. However, after adjusting for the number of alleles compared, Pc values became nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Although our results do not support the previous findings that HLA class-I alleles play a role in leprosy pathogenesis, we suggest new studies because of the importance of the association between the HLA and KIR in the innate immune response to leprosy.

S100, CD68, and MHC class II molecule expression in cervical high- and low-grade HPV-induced lesions

INTRODUCTION: Some human papillomavirus (HPV) types are involved in malignant processes in the cervical epithelium, with 99% of cases attributed to oncogenic HPV infection. This study aimed to detect S100, CD68, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules in cervical uterine epithelial samples in patients with high- and low-grade lesions induced by HPV. METHODS: Fifty-eight samples from patients who were confirmed positive or negative for high-risk oncogenic HPV DNA, had histopathological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of grades I, II, or III, or were negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy were subjected to immunohistochemistry reaction to S100 protein, CD68, and MHC-II (HLA-DR alpha chain). RESULTS: The presence of MHC-II predominated in samples exhibiting histopathological alterations (p < 0.05). S100 detection was more numerous in carcinoma samples (CIN III) (75%). Presence of this protein correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with histopathological findings and viral load. CONCLUSIONS: A small expression of CD68 was observed, which may be explained by the observation in our study having been made on random microscopic fields and not on specific areas. The findings, such as the presence of S100 protein and MHC-II expression in samples with histological alterations, could suggest that the immune system fails to control HPV replication at the early stages of infection. Further studies with larger prospective data are necessary to confirm this result.

Investigation of class 1 integrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical and microbiota isolates belonging to different phylogenetic groups in Recife, State of Pernambuco

Introduction The high prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections is related to the ability of K. pneumoniae to acquire and disseminate exogenous genes associated with mobile elements, such as R plasmids, transposons and integrons. This study investigated the presence of class 1 integrons in clinical and microbiota isolates of K. pneumoniae belonging to different phylogenetic groups and correlated these results with the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the studied isolates. Methods Of the 51 isolates of K. pneumoniae selected for this study, 29 were from multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, and 22 were from children's microbiota. The susceptibility profile was determined using the disk diffusion method, and class 1 integrons were detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The results showed that none of the 22 microbiota isolates carried class 1 integrons. Among the 29 clinical isolates, 19 (65.5%) contained class 1 integrons, and resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was identified in 18 of these isolates (94.7%). Among the K. pneumoniae isolates with class 1 integrons, 47% belonged to the KpI phylogenetic group, and one isolate (14.3%) carrying these genetic elements belonged to the KpIII group. Conclusions The wide variety of detected class 1 integrons supports the presence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance, genetic variability, and rapid dissemination of beta-lactamase genes among K. pneumoniae clinical isolates in recent years in hospitals in Recife-PE, Brazil. The findings of this study indicate that the surveillance of K. pneumoniae integrons in clinical isolates could be useful for monitoring the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the hospital environment.

Analysis of human leukocyte antigens class II-DR in Brazilian children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency of human leukocyte antigens class II-DR in children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-fiveBrazilian systemic lupus erythematosus children and adolescents and 308 healthy individuals were studied. Gender, race, and age of onset of systemic lupus erythematosus were recorded. The human leukocyte antigens typing of class II-DR was carried out by polymerase chain reaction amplification with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). Data were analyzed statistically using the chi square test with Yates' correction, Fisher's exact test, and Bonferroni's correction. RESULTS: Human leukocyte antigen-DR 15 was the most frequently detected antigen in this group of children and adolescents, and it also occurred more frequently in the female group, in children with onset of systemic lupus erythematosus between 0 and 9 years and between 10 to 14 years, and in the Black race group, but these associations were not statistically significants. CONCLUSION: In this group of children and adolescents with a high degree of racial admixture, we could not verify a significant association between human leukocyte antigens class II-DR and systemic lupus erythematosus.