Análise das propriedades mecânicas de cereais matinais com diferentes fontes de amido durante o processo de absorção de leite

Cereais matinais são produtos extrusados, tradicionalmente consumidos com leite e o principal componente é o amido. A característica de crocância destes produtos está associada a frescor e qualidade do produto e a sua perda é uma das causas de rejeição de consumo. Mudanças indesejáveis na textura podem ocorrer quando os cereais são expostos a determinadas condições ambientais ou quando imersos em meio líquido. A estrutura física dos cereais tem uma grande influência na difusão do líquido, pois sua alta porosidade e higroscopicidade implicam em aumento da difusividade da umidade e conseqüente aumento da atividade de água, ganhando umidade rapidamente e perdendo sua textura quebradiça desejável, tornando-se amolecido. Neste trabalho, o comportamento de três cereais matinais comerciais foi analisado e os coeficientes de difusão foram determinados, além do estudo da alteração da textura destes produtos, através das propriedades mecânicas, em relação ao tempo de imersão em leite. A variação dos valores de atividade de água em equilíbrio com as amostras em relação ao tempo de imersão foram avaliadas com o intuito de quantificar o tempo crítico e a atividade de água correspondente em que os cereais matinais comerciais perdem a crocância.

Avaliação sensorial de cereais matinais de castanha-do-brasil com mandioca extrusados

Este trabalho objetivou estudar a aceitabilidade de cereais matinais de torta de amêndoa de castanha-do-brasil com mandioca extrusados nos sabores doce, salgado e natural, referentes aos atributos: aceitação global, sabor, crocância e intenção de compra por 06 meses de armazenagem à temperatura ambiente de Campinas-SP. As amostras foram servidas a um painel constituído por 40 consumidores, de forma balanceada em pratos pretos codificados com três dígitos e os resultados, comparados com um produto similar disponível no mercado. Os resultados mostraram que os três tipos de cereais matinais de castanha-do-brasil com mandioca alcançaram maiores notas para todas os atributos sensoriais avaliados do que o cereal matinal similar comercializado, com diferenças significativas (< 0,05) pelo teste de Tukey. O mesmo teste mostrou que a crocância do cereal de castanha-do-brasil com mandioca sabor doce foi diferente (p < 0,05), no segundo, terceiro e sexto mês de armazenagem, das médias dos de sabores natural e salgado, cuja média das notas do cereal doce foi superior; as demais não diferiram. Dos três cereais matinais estudados o de sabor doce recebeu as maiores notas para todos os atributos avaliados, porém com diferença significativa para alguns parâmetros e tempos de estocagem. Em relação aos atributos avaliação global, sabor e crocância, os cereais de castanha com mandioca tiveram notas equivalendo a gostei muito e gostei moderadamente, enquanto o produto comercial obteve notas equivalendo a nem gostei nem desgostei para os dois primeiros atributos e gostei ligeiramente para crocância. Na intenção de compra, os produtos processados receberam notas equivalendo a possivelmente compraria e o cereal comercial talvez comprasse/talvez não comprasse.

O cereal de Adlay: estudo de seu valor agrícola e nutricional para aves

Both experiments confirm Job's tears are inadequate as poultry feed due the low growing and high mortality shown on the groups receiving Job's tears meal. Considerations are done by the authors about Coix crops, that do not seem economical on the general condition of the country.

The diet of the black widow spider Latrodectus mirabilis (Theridiidae) in two cereal crops of central Argentina

The spider Latrodectus mirabilis (Holmberg, 1876) is commonly found in cereals crops of central Argentina. We studied its diet composition at the field and capture rate on leaf-cutting ants based on laboratory experiments. This study comprises the first approach that documents the diet of L. mirabilis in wheat and oat fields of central Argentina. We identified 1,004 prey items collected from its webs during the last phenological stages of both cereal crops. The prey composition was variable but the spiders prey mainly on ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera), who represented more than 86% of the total. Meanwhile, in the capture rate experiences we registered a high proportion of ants captured by spiders at the beginning of experiences, capturing the half of the ants from total in the first four hours. Summarizing, we reported a polyphagous diet of this spider species in wheat and oat fields. Ants were the most important prey item of this spider, as found in other Latrodectus spiders around the world.

Are high-lysine cereal crops still a challenge?

The essential amino acids lysine and threonine are synthesized in higher plants via a pathway starting with aspartate that also leads to the formation of methionine and isoleucine. Lysine is one of most limiting amino acids in plants consumed by humans and livestock. Recent genetic, molecular, and biochemical evidence suggests that lysine synthesis and catabolism are regulated by complex mechanisms. Early kinetic studies utilizing mutants and transgenic plants that over-accumulate lysine have indicated that the major step for the regulation of lysine biosynthesis is at the enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase. Despite this tight regulation, recent strong evidence indicates that lysine catabolism is also subject to control, particularly in cereal seeds. The challenge of producing crops with a high-lysine concentration in the seeds appeared to be in sight a few years ago. However, apart from the quality protein maize lines currently commercially available, the release of high-lysine crops has not yet occurred. We are left with the question, is the production of high-lysine crops still a challenge?

Evaluation of the in vitro glycemic index of a fiber-rich extruded breakfast cereal produced with organic passion fruit fiber and corn flour

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of process parameters and Passion Fruit Fiber (PFF) addition on the Glycemic Index (GI) of an extruded breakfast cereal. A 2³ Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used, with the following independent variables: raw material moisture content (18-28%), 2nd and 3rd barrel zone temperatures (120-160 ºC), and PFF (0-30%). Raw materials (organic corn flour and organic PFF) were characterized as to their proximate composition, particle size, and in vitro GI. The extrudates were characterized as to their in vitro GI. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the results. Corn flour and PFF presented 8.55 and 7.63% protein, 2.61 and 0.60% fat, 0.52 and 6.17% ash, 78.77 and 78.86% carbohydrates (3 and 64% total dietary fiber), respectively. The corn flour particle size distribution was homogeneous, while PFF presented a heterogeneous particle size distribution. Corn flour and PFF presented values of GI of 48 and 45, respectively. When using RSM, no effect of the variables was observed in the GI of the extrudates (average value of 48.41), but PCA showed that the GI tended to be lower when processing at lower temperatures (<128 ºC) and at higher temperatures (>158 ºC). When compared to white bread, the extrudates showed a reduction of the GI of up to 50%, and could be considered an interesting alternative in weight and glycemia control diets.

Use of cereal bars with quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa W.) to reduce risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases

Quinoa is considered a pseudocereal with proteins of high biological value, carbohydrates of low glycemic index, phytosteroids, and omega-3 and 6 fatty acids that bring benefits to the human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of quinoa on the biochemical and anthropometric profile and blood pressure in humans, parameters for measuring risk of cardiovascular diseases. Twenty-two 18 to 45-year-old students were treated daily for 30 days with quinoa in the form of a cereal bar. Blood samples were collected before and after 30 days of treatment to determine glycemic and biochemical profile of the group. The results indicated that quinoa had beneficial effects on part of the population studied since the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-c showed reduction. It can be concluded that the use of quinoa in diet can be considered beneficial in the prevention and treatment of risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases that are among the leading causes of death in today's globalized world. However, further studies are needed to prove the benefits observed.

Application of roasted rice bran in cereal bars

The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of using microwave-roasted rice bran as an ingredient in high-fiber cereal bars to obtain a product with good acceptability. The influence of the rice flakes, corn flakes, and roasted rice bran levels on the physical and chemical characteristics of the cereal bars was studied. The overall acceptability of three selected formulations was also evaluated. An increase in the roasted rice bran level in the formulation reduced the force of rupture and water activity, resulted in intermediate density, and caused darkening of the bars. The contents of lipid and total dietary fiber were higher in the formulation with the highest rice bran content, which was therefore classified as functional food. The formulation containing 0.34; 0.32; and 0.34 roasted rice bran, rice flakes, and corn flakes, respectively, seemed to be the best outcome. Cereal bars with roasted rice bran levels between 10 and 20% were accepted by consumers.

Oxidative stability of cereal bars made with fruit peels and baru nuts packaged in different types of packaging

Food industries have been concerned about managing the waste generated by their production processes in order to minimize environmental impacts and also about the development of formulations with different and innovative ingredients such as fruits from the Brazilian savanna. Seeking to meet the expectations of consumers who desire healthy and practical products, this study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stability and the variations in chemical composition and antioxidant potential of cereal bars made with fruit peels and baru nuts packaged in different types of packaging. The bars formulated were packed in four different types of packaging: laminated without vacuum (LWV), transparent without vacuum (TWV), transparent under vacuum (TV), and laminated under vacuum (LV); they were subsequently analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant activity, and oxidative capacity. The results showed that the cereal bars made with fruit peel and baru are sources of protein, dietary fiber, and fat, especially unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic acids. The cereal bars exhibited oxidative stability up to 120 days of storage, and the type of packaging was not significant for the variables evaluated; therefore, they can be stored in low cost packaging such as transparent packaging without vacuum for a period of 120 days.

Development and chemical and sensory characterization of pumpkin seed flour-based cereal bars

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), popularly known as squash, is a widely grown vegetable in Brazil. In this study, pumpkin seed flours (PSF) with different granulometries were used: PSF 1 (medium granulometry) and PSF 2 (coarse granulometry) in the preparation of cereal bars (CB) with different combinations with brown oats. Five formulations were prepared: CB-1 (control - 25% brown oats and 0% PSF); CB-2 (12.5% PSF 1 and 12.5% brown oats); CB-3 (25% PSF 1 and 0% brown oats); CB-4 (12.5% PSF 2 and 12.5% brown oats); and CB-5 (25% PSF 2 and 0% brown oats). The acceptance test results were analyzed in a conventional preference mapping which indicated that the bars CB-2 and CB-5 received mostly the maximum hedonistic score. With the objective of developing a cereal bar replacing oats with PSF, the bars CB-2 and CB-5 were compared to the conventional bar CB-1. The cereal bars CB-2 and CB-5 showed an increase in crude protein (87.5% and 62.5%) and in dietary fiber (77% and 44%), respectively. These results allowed the classification of CB-2 and CB-5 as fiber sources; they can, therefore, be classified as light products according to the Brazilian legislation.

Respiração oral na criança: repercussões diferentes de acordo com o diagnóstico

A respiração oral é um sintoma freqüente na infância. A síndrome do respirador oral caracteriza-se por cansaço freqüente, sonolência diurna, adinamia, baixo apetite, enurese noturna e até déficit de aprendizado e atenção. Entretanto este sintoma apresenta diversas causas. Faz-se necessário, portanto, esclarecer detalhes sobre estes aspectos clínicos de acordo com suas causas. OBJETIVO: Comparar os achados de sonolência diurna, cefaléia, agitação noturna, enurese, problemas escolares e bruxismo em indivíduos com respiração oral; de acordo com os seguintes diagnósticos: rinite alérgica, hiperplasia adenoideana, hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo de coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com 142 pacientes de 2 a 16 anos, classificados em três grupos: rinite alérgica, hiperplasia adenoideana isolada e hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana. Os responsáveis dos pacientes responderam a questionário padronizado sobre os sintomas noturnos para caracterização da presença de apnéia do sono e sobre os aspectos estudados: cefaléia matinal, desempenho escolar e atenção, sonolência diurna, agitação noturna, enurese, bruxismo. RESULTADOS: A respiração oral é mais freqüente em meninos. Crianças com hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana são mais jovens. Este grupo apresenta maior freqüência de roncos e apnéia do sono, assim como mau desempenho escolar, bruxismo, enurese e agitação noturna, sendo estes sintomas relacionados com a apnéia, diferenciando-se do grupo com rinite alérgica. Não se observou sonolência diurna e cefaléia matinal significante nos grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: Bruxismo, enurese, agitação noturna e cefaléia estão relacionados com a apnéia do sono, sendo mais freqüente na hiperplasia adenoamigdaliana. Assim, a investigação de apnéia do sono na criança com respiração oral é fundamental e assim como a determinação da causa da respiração oral.

Correlation between grain nutritional content and pasting properties of pre-gelatinized red rice flour

As with any variety of rice, red rice characteristics are subject to varietal differences, growing conditions, types of processing, and nutritional and rheological properties. This study determined the nutritional characteristics (centesimal composition and minerals) and paste viscosity properties of raw grains of four red rice genotypes (Tradicional MNAPB0405, MNACE0501 and MNACH0501) and the paste viscosity properties of pre-gelatinized flours obtained at different cooking times (20, 30 and 40 min). The main nutritional properties were correlated with the pasting properties of the pre-gelatinized flours. The samples showed differences in nutritional properties and paste viscosity. MNAPB0405 and MNACE0501 showed higher levels of fiber and fat and provided higher caloric energy than Tradicional and MNACH0501, which, in turn, showed higher levels of amylose. MNACH0501 showed higher peak viscosity (2402 cP), higher breakdown viscosity (696 cP) and a greater tendency to retrogradation (1510 cP), while Tradicional, MNAPB0405 and MNACE0501 had pasting profiles with peak viscosities varying between 855 and 1093 cP, breaking viscosity below 85 cP and retrogradation tendency between 376 and 1206 cP. The factors genotype and cooking time influenced the rheological behavior of pre-gelatinized flours, decreasing their pasting properties. The protein and amylose levels are correlated with the pasting properties and can be used as indicators of these properties in different genotypes of red rice, whether raw or processed into pre-gelatinized flours.

Qualidade tecnológica do arroz branco polido submetido à irradiação gama (Co60)

A aplicação da radiação ionizante, com o propósito de garantir a segurança dos grãos, tem sido apresentada como alternativa eficaz e segura ao uso de defensivos agrícolas e prática promissora, a ser utilizada para estender a vida útil e reduzir as perdas das safras de grãos. Contudo, assim como outros tratamentos de conservação de alimentos, a irradiação pode alterar sua qualidade. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de cocção do arroz submetido a diferentes doses de irradiação gama Co60 (0,0 kGy, 6,5 kGy e 7,5 kGy). Observou-se que o arroz irradiado com 7,5 kGy apresentou um tempo de cozimento significativamente maior (18,21 min.) que o do arroz irradiado na dose 6,5 kGy (17,11 min) e 0,0 kGy (16,83 min.). Os valores médios de expansão do volume do arroz não irradiado foi de 365,65%; já, para o arroz irradiado, os valores foram menores, apresentando-se com 322,19%. Quanto à perda de sólidos solúveis, essa foi significativamente maior no arroz branco polido irradiado (17,0%), do que no arroz não irradiado (10,35%). Embora a irradiação gama tenha influenciado em alguns parâmetros de cocção do arroz, refletindo-se em maior tempo de cozimento, para a irradiação na dose 7,5 kGy, no menor coeficiente de expansão do volume e na maior perda de sólidos solúveis, os valores encontrados assemelham-se aos valores referenciados, na literatura, como desejáveis para a qualidade deste cereal.

Characterization of heat tolerance in wheat cultivars and effects on production components

Abstract: There is a need for heat tolerant wheat cultivars adapted to the expansion of cultivation areas in warmer regions due to the high demand of this cereal for human consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high temperatures on grain yield and yield components of wheat and characterize heat tolerant wheat genotypes at different development stages. The genotypes were evaluated in the field with and without heat stress. High temperatures reduced the number of spikelets per spike (21%), number of grains per spike (39%), number of grains per spikelet (23%), 1000-grain weight (27%) and grain yield (79%). Cultivars MGS 1 Aliança, Embrapa 42, IAC 24-Tucuruí and IAC 364-Tucuruí III are the most tolerant to heat stress between the stages double ridge and terminal spikelet; MGS 1 Aliança, BRS 264, IAC 24-Tucuruí, IAC 364-Tucuruí III and VI 98053, between meiosis and anthesis; and BRS 254, IAC-24-Tucuruí, IAC-364-Tucuruí III and VI 98053, between anthesis and physiological maturity. High temperatures reduce grain yield and yield components. The number of grains per spike is the most reduced component under heat stress. The genotypes differed in tolerance to heat stress in different developmental stages.

Observações clínicas com um nôvo anti-helmíntico - triclorofenolpiperazina (CI-416) - no tratamento da ancilostomíase

O autor tratou 40 pacientes portadores de diversas helmintíases intestinais com um, nôvo sal de piperazina - Bis (2, 4, 5 - Triclorofenol) piperazina na dose única de 50 mg/kg de pêso corporal em jejum ou duas horas após a refeição matinal. Obteve com uma série de tratamento cura parasitológica em 25 pacientes (62,5%) infectados por Ancilostomídeos e mais 6 (15%) com um segundo curso da medicação, totalizando 31 pacientes curados parasitològicamente (77,5% dos casos). À tolerância ao produto foi boa, com exceção de dois casos (5%) que referiram vômitos logo após a ingestão da substância. Três enfermos relataram expulsão de exemplares adultos mortos de Ascaris lumbricoides pelas fezes. Com o esquema terapêutico empregado, o autor observou pequena atividade ãa droga com respeito à infecção por Ascaris lumbricoides e nula sôbre o Trichuris trichiura. Conclui que o nôvo antihelmíntico é bastante ativo contra a infestação determinada pelos Ancilostomídeos.