Variabilidade de Stemphylium solari, Weber, agente causal de mancha foliar do tomateiro, no estado de São Paulo

O presente trabalho trata do estudo da variabilidade do fungo, Stemphylium solani Weber, agente causal da Mancha Foliar do tomateiro (Lycopersicum esculentun Mill.), "Mancha de Estemfilium" que está se tornando cada vez mais importante em tôda área, onde se cultiva o tomateiro. Os autores isolaram 33 culturas de S. solani, de 12 municípios do Estado de São Paulo e estudaram suas capacidades de esporulação em meio de cultura. O modo de esporulação dos isolamentos variou bastante e reisolamentos e repicagens sucessivas mostraram que todos os isolamentos mantiveramas características culturais originais. Dois isolamentos (T-347 e T-419) comportaram-se de maneira bastante diferente dos demais isolamentos. Assim, êstes esporulavam espontânea e abundantemente em quaisquer meios, e nos testes de patogenicidade em tomateiro da variedade Santa Cruz, mostraram possuir elevada patogenicidade, que também confirmada estatìsticamente. Com base na capacidade de esporular em meios de cultura, patogenicidade em tomateiro suscetível e estabilidade das características culturais, os autores propuseram a classificação de S. solani, em 3 raças fisiológicas e discutem sua importância na interpretação de dados divergentes da literatura. Além disso, chamam a atenção para as culturas patogênicas capazes de esporular espontâneamente no meio de batata-dextroseagar e suas aplicações nos trabalhos de melhoramento do tomateiro.

Doença meningocócica: epidemiologia e controle dos casos secundários

Aspectos epidemiológicos da doença meningocócica registrados a partir da segunda metade da década de 80 impulsionaram as autoridades de saúde pública a discutirem as medidas de controle disponíveis. A ocorrência da doença entre adolescentes e o registro de surtos envolvendo escolas são os dois pontos que mais pressionaram uma revisão das medidas de controle disponíveis. O uso das vacinas antimeningocócicas polissacarídeas e as recomendações para o controle de surtos localizados (clusters) são outros aspectos que mereceram atenção recentemente. Objetivou, assim, apresentar um panorama atual de alguns aspectos da epidemiologia e do controle dos casos secundários da doença meningocócica.

Incremental yield of bronchial washing for diagnosing smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE To assess the increased diagnostic yield for pulmonary tuberculosis using bronchial washing cultures compared with sputum cultures. METHODS Study conducted with 61 adults in Lima, Peru, from January 2006 to December 2007. The yield of sputum cultures was compared with the yield of acid-fast bacilli smears and cultures of bronchial washing for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in suspected cases of clinical tuberculosis with negative acid fast bacilli sputum smears. RESULTS Twenty seven (95%CI 32;58) of the cases were eventually diagnosed with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Bronchial washing samples detected 23 (95%CI 72;99) of the smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis cases compared with 15 (95%CI 37;74) for sputum cultures (p = 0.02). The incremental diagnostic yield of acid fast bacilli smear and culture of bronchial washing specimens over sputum culture was 44% (95%CI 25;65). CONCLUSIONS In function of the epidemiological context and the resources available, bronchoscopy should be deployed as part of a comprehensive work up that optimizes smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis and minimizes risk and costs.

Meningococcal Disease Caused by Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Serotype 4 in São Paulo, Brazil, 1990 to 1996

A large epidemic of serogroup B meningococcal disease (MD), has been occurring in greater São Paulo, Brazil, since 1988.21 A Cuban-produced vaccine, based on outer-membrane-protein (OMP) from serogroup B: serotype 4: serosubtype P1.15 (B:4:P1.15) Neisseria meningitidis, was given to about 2.4 million children aged from 3 months to 6 years during 1989 and 1990. The administration of vaccine had little or no measurable effects on this outbreak. In order to detect clonal changes that could explain the continued increase in the incidence of disease after the vaccination, we serotyped isolates recovered between 1990 and 1996 from 834 patients with systemic disease. Strains B:4:P1.15, which was detected in the area as early as 1977, has been the most prevalent phenotype since 1988. These strains are still prevalent in the area and were responsible for about 68% of 834 serogroup B cases in the last 7 years. We analyzed 438 (52%) of these strains by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs) of rRNA genes (ribotyping). The most frequent pattern obtained was referred to as Rb1 (68%). We concluded that the same clone of B:4:P1.15-Rb1 strains was the most prevalent strain and responsible for the continued increase of incidence of serogroup B MD cases in greater São Paulo during the last 7 years in spite of the vaccination trial.

The use of oligonucleotide probes for meningococcal serotype characterization

In the present study we examine the potential use of oligonucleotide probes to characterize Neisseria meningitidis serotypes without the use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Antigenic diversity on PorB protein forms the bases of serotyping method. However, the current panel of MAbs underestimated, by at least 50% the PorB variability, presumably because reagents for several PorB variable regions (VRs) are lacking, or because a number of VR variants are not recognized by serotype-defining MAbs12. We analyzed the use of oligonucleotide probes to characterize serotype 10 and serotype 19 of N. meningitidis. The porB gene sequence for the prototype strain of serotype 10 was determined, aligned with 7 other porB sequences from different serotypes, and analysis of individual VRs were performed. The results of DNA probes 21U (VR1-A) and 615U (VR3-B) used against 72 N. meningitidis strains confirm that VR1 type A and VR3 type B encode epitopes for serotype-defined MAbs 19 and 10, respectively. The use of probes for characterizing serotypes possible can type 100% of the PorB VR diversity. It is a simple and rapid method specially useful for analysis of large number of samples.

Epidemiological analysis of bacterial strains involved in hospital infection in a University Hospital from Brazil

Hospital infections cause an increase in morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients with significant rise in hospital costs. The aim of this work was an epidemiological analysis of hospital infection cases occurred in a public University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Hence, 238 strains were isolated from 14 different clinical materials of 166 patients hospitalized in the period between August 1995 and July 1997. The average age of the patients was 33.4 years, 72.9% used antimicrobials before having a positive culture. The most common risk conditions were surgery (19.3%), positive HIV or AIDS (18.1%) and lung disease (16.9%). 24 different bacterial species were identified, S. aureus (21%) and P. aeruginosa (18.5%) were predominant. Among 50 S. aureus isolated strains 36% were classified as MRSA (Methicillin Resistant S. aureus). The Gram negative bacteria presented high resistance to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. A diarrhea outbreak, detected in high-risk neonatology ward, was caused by Salmonella serovar Infantis strain, with high antimicrobial resistance and a plasmid of high molecular weight (98Mda) containing virulence genes and positive for R factor.

Cutaneous anthrax in Lima, Peru: retrospective analysis of 71 cases, including four with a meningoencephalic complication

Anthrax is a zoonosis produced by Bacillus anthracis, and as an human infection is endemic in several areas in the world, including Peru. More than 95% of the reported naturally acquired infections are cutaneous, and approximately 5% of them can progress to meningoencephalitis. In this study we review the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients with diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax evaluated between 1969 and 2002 at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH) and the Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt in Lima, Peru. Seventy one patients were included [49/71 (69%) of them men], with a mean age of 37 years. The diagnoses were classified as definitive (44%) or probable (56%). The most common occupation of the patients was agriculture (39%). The source of infection was found in 63 (88.7%) patients. All the patients had ulcerative lesions, with a central necrosis. Most of the patients (65%) had several lesions, mainly located in the upper limbs (80%). Four patients (5.6%) developed meningoencephalitis, and three of them eventually died. In conclusion, considering its clinical and epidemiological characteristics, cutaneous anthrax must be included in the differential diagnosis of skin ulcers. A patient with clinical suspicion of the disease should receive effective treatment soon, in order to avoid neurological complications which carry a high fatality rate.

Disseminated nocardiosis with psoas abscess in a patient with AIDS: first reported case

Psoas muscle abscess is an uncommon infection that have been diagnosed increasingly in the last years. We present a case of a patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection who developed a disseminated infection due to Nocardia asteroides sensu stricto type VI with psoas abscess. To our knowledge no other cases of Nocardia psoas abscess in the setting of HIV infection have been reported in the literature.

Oral cavity lymphoma as secondary AIDS-defining neoplasm in a patient on HAART with immune reconstitution

Lymphomas of the oral cavity are a rare complication of advanced HIV/AIDS disease. The clinical appearance of these neoplasms includes masses or ulcerative lesions that involve the oral soft tissue and the jaw as the predominant manifestation. We report the case of a patient with AIDS who developed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the oral cavity during highly active antiretroviral therapy, with undetectable plasma viral load and immune reconstitution.

Two new serovars of Salmonella: S. Natal and S. potengi, isolated from fluvial water in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil

Two new serovars of Salmonella from estuary waters of potengi river in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, were isolated. They were named S. natal (9,12: z4, z24:-) and S. potengi (18;z: -). Both types belong to the subgenus I, or subspecies 1, thought they showed atypical behaviour (KCN +).

Biotipos antimicrobianos e tipos de colicina: potenciais marcadores epidemiologicos de Salmonella agona

Com o intuito de se obter marcadores epidemiológicos, foram analisadas 240 amostras de S. agona isoladas de diferentes fontes (humana, alimentar e ambiental) oriundas de cinco Estados brasileiros (MG,SP,RJ,PE e RS). O sestudo da sensibilidade a 15 antimicrobianos e codificação numérica dos perfis de resistência propiciou o reconhecimento de 56 biotipos antimicrobianos, enquanto foram evidenciadas 40 amostras produtoras de colicina, pertencentes aos tipos: Ia (55%); B (32,5%), Ib (10%) e não tipável (2,5%). A aplicação desses elementos numa diferenciação intra-sorotipo é discutida.

Resistência antimicrobiana de Salmonella agona oriundas de várias regiões do Brasil

A investigação teve por objetivo a avaliação de resistência a drogas dessa importante salmonela de distribuição cosmopolita. Nesse sentido, analisou-se a resistência a antibióticos e quimioterápicos de 240 amostras de S.agona isoladas de diferentes fontes (humana, alimentar e ambiental) provenientes de cinco estados brasileiros (MG, SP, RJ, PE e RS). Paralelamente, determinou-se a presença de fatores R em 26 estirpes representativas da amostragem.

Sorotipos de Salmonella isolados de processos entéricos humanos em Recife-Pernambuco, durante o triênio 1978-1980

De 13.196 coproculturas realizadas durante o triênio 1978-1980 em Recife, Pernambuco, foram isoladas 1.720 salmonelas, das quais 1.387 foram caracterizadas sorologicamente. O estudo global possibilitou o reconhecimento de 63 sorotipos concentrados em primeiro plano no grupo sorológico B (73,18%) e identificando-se como tipos mais incidentes: S. typhimurium, S. saint-paul, S. poona, S. derby, S. agona, S. newport, S. oranienburg, S. infantis, S. tshiongwe e S. ndolo, que representaram 1.231 amostras ou 88,75% do total de isolamentos. Algumas considerações de ordem epidemiológica e bacteriológica são discutidas em relação aos quatros sorotipos mais freqüentes.

Frequência de enterobactérias patogênicas em processos diarréicos infantis na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

Foram analisadas 326 amostras de fezes diarréicas provenientes de crianças entre 0 a 5 anos, internadas em dois hospitais de reidratação do Recife, Pernambuco. Foi introduzido o meio de Cary & Blair a 4 -C para transporte das fezes, não havendo diferença no percentual de isolamento quando o material permaneceu no meio de transporte entre 3 a 7 dias. Dos exames, 19,02% estavam positivos para um ou mais dos agentes bacterianos pesquisados, tendo sido encontrados 26 Salmonella de 3 espécies, 21 Escherichia coli enteroinvasiva, 10 Shigella de 3 sorotipos e 1 Yersisnia enterocolitica.

Résistance a la dessiccation de Biomphalaria glabrata adultes infestés par plusieurs miracidiums de Schistosoma mansoni

Les auteurs ont soumis à 6 semaines d'anhydrobiose 1200 Biomphalaria adultes, saines, ou parasitées par 8 ± 2 miracidiums de Schistosoma mansoni depois 3 ou 12 jours, ou émettant des cercaires. Les planorbes étaient placées individuellement sur, ou dans de la terre humide, dans des boîtes closes ou aérées. La survie a été nulle chez les planorbes saines, infestées, ou déjà positives, placées dans les boîtes closes. Chez les mollusques placés dans les boîtes aérées, elle a été de 44% chez les témoins sains, et de 40,6% pour l'emsemble des infestées depuis 3 et 12 jours, avec chez ces derniers une meilleure survie lorsqu'ils étaient en surface. N n'est pas apparu de différence entre les infestations de 3 jours et de 12 jours. La mortalité et la production cercarienne sont infériéures à celles de planorbes infestées et gardées en eau. L'analyse des émissions montre une production des cercaires mâles siginificativement inférieure à celle des cercaires femelles ou mâles et femelles. Chez toutes les B. glabrata positives, les auteurs ont observé des variations périodiques dans la production des cercaires, quel que soit le sexe de celles-ci. De plus, chez les mollusques préalablement soumis à dessiccation, il existe de nombreus arrêts ou pauses dans l'émission des larves.