Glucogeno sintasa en helmintos parasitos: inhibicion por benzimidazoles

Se ha determinado el effecto inhibidor sobre la actividad Glucogeno sintetasa (E.C.2.41.11) por parte de cuatro antihelminticos: Albendazol, Mebendazol, Parbendazol y Tiabendazol. Observandose que en todos los casos, es el Parbendazol quien ha demostrado un mayor poder inhibidor sobre la glucógeno sintetasa de Ascaris suum, Fasciola hepatica y Moniezia expansa. El Tiabendazol es el anti-helmintico que menor efecto inhibidor ha presentado sobre la enzima en los tres parasitos objeto de nuestro estudio. Con el presente trabajo y otros previstos en la misma linea, se pretende aportar nuevos datos acerca del aun desconocido locus de acción de estos antihelminticos.

Superoxide dismutase from Trichuris ovis, inhibiton by benzimidazoles and pyrimidine derivatives

Three superoxide dismutase isoenzymes of different cellular location were detected in an homogenate of Thrichuris ovis. Each of these molecular forms was purified by differential centrifugation and precipitation with ammonium sulphate, followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-75 columns. The activity levels of the two molecular forms detected in the mitochondrial (one cyanide sensitive Cu-Zn-SOD and the other cyanide intensitive Mn-Sod were higher than that of the superoxide dismutase detected in the cytoplasmic fraction (cyanid sensitive Cu-Zn-SOD). All the mollecular forms present evident differences to the SODs contained in the host liver. Molecular mass and some of the physical and chemical aproperties of the enzyme was determined for all three molecular forms. An inhibitory effect on the SOD of the parasite an the host was detected with a series of compounds, some of wich markedly inhibited parasite ensyme but not host enzyme.

Simple, mild, and highly efficient synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles and bis-benzimidazoles

A new convenient method for preparation of 2-substituted benzimidazoles and bis-benzimidazoles is presented. In this method, o-phenylenediamines were condensed with bisulfite adducts of various aldehydes and di-aldehydes under neat conditions by microwave heating. The results were also compared with results of synthesis by conventional heating under reflux. Structures of the products were confirmed by infrared, ¹H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Short reaction times, good yields, easy purification of products, and mild reaction conditions are the main advantages of this method.

Validação de metodologia analítica para o doseamento simultâneo de mebendazol e tiabendazol por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

The aim of this work was to develop and validate an analytical methodology for simultaneous determination of mebendazole and thiabendazole, two benzimidazoles used as anthelmintics. The method was based on high performance liquid chromatography, using a C18 column, a mobile phase composed of KH2PO4 0.05 mol L-1 and methanol 40:60 (v/v) and UV detection at 312 nm. The results showed that the method presented linearity from 60.0 to 140.0 µg mL-1 for mebendazole and from 99.6 to 232.4 g µL-1 for thiabendazole and it was considered selective, accurate, precise and robust according to the specific resolution from ANVISA, the Brazilian regulatory agency.

Resistência de Didymella bryoniae a fungicidas no Brasil

O crestamento gomoso do caule (Didymella bryoniae) é uma das mais importantes doenças da melancia (Citrullus lanatus) no mundo. O controle químico, embora amplamente adotado, nem sempre pode impedir o progresso da doença no campo. A resistência do agente causal a alguns ingredientes ativos foi relatada na Europa, Japão e nos Estados Unidos, porém nenhum estudo foi feito no Brasil. Este trabalho descreve os resultados de três ensaios in vitro para resistência a fungicidas, medida pela taxa de crescimento micelial. No primeiro ensaio, sete isolados foram submetidos a nove fungicidas na metade da dose comercial recomendada. Evidência de resistência a Tiofanato metílico (TM), Carbendazim (CARB) (benzimidazóis) bem como a mistura Tiofanato metílico + Clorotalonil (TM + CHLO) foi detectada. Nenhuma resistência foi detectada contra Mancozebe, Difenoconazole, Tebuconazole e as misturas Mancozebe + Difenoconazole ou Trifloxistrobina + Propiconazole. O teste foi repetido com os mesmos sete isolados de D. bryoniae contra TM, CARB, TM + CHLO e Oxicloreto de Cobre a ¼, ½, 1 e 2 vezes a dose recomendada. Apenas Oxicloreto de cobre diminuiu consistentemente a taxa de crescimento micelial com o aumento da dose. TM não teve efeito na taxa de crescimento micelial em nenhuma concentração testada, e CARB e TM + CHLO mostraram mínimo efeito com o aumento da concentração do produto. Finalmente, 31 isolados de sete estados brasileiros foram testados para resistência a Tiofanato metílico na dose recomendada (490 ppm). Oitenta e um porcento dos isolados mostraram-se altamente resistentes. Isolados resistentes e sensíveis foram encontrados em uma mesma região geográfica. Considerando a prevalência de isolados resistentes a ambos TM e CARB, uma evidência de resistência cruzada, o uso de benzimidazoles não deve ser recomendado no controle do crestamento gomoso do caule.

Management practices to control gastrointestinal parasites in sheep farms in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

Parasite related problems are considered one of the major health problems for sheep breeding, causing considerable economic losses to commercial husbandry. The aim of this study was to determine the technological level and the level of knowledge of farmers regarding management practices to control gastrointestinal parasites in sheep in Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. The analysis was based on 213 questionnaires applied by official veterinarians of the State Government Agency for Animal Health (Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, IMA), covering 16.6% of all counties. From two hundred and thirteen sheep farms sampled, 117 farms had their technological level determined. From the samples, 0.9% were characterized as high level, 45.3% as medium, and 53.0% as low technological level. The flock size ranged from 2 to 1843 with an average of 80.5 sheep per farm. The majority of the sheep production systems was extensive/semi-extensive (74.5%). The management practices adopted by the farmers to reduce parasitism were: split young and adult animals (5.6%), change pasture after deworm the animals (5.2%), use quarantine for incoming animals (2.3%), deworm newly arrived sheep (1.5%), and have regular technical assistance (31.9%). Although 76.5% of the farmers medicate the animals, treatments were performed without any major technical criteria, with an average interval of 4.6 months. The most commonly used drug families were macrocyclic lactones (38.5%) and benzimidazoles (24.9%). The management practices adopted in Minas Gerais are based on old recommendations and may not return in a good set of strategies to prevent parasite infections. Field observations reinforce the finding where farmers have obtained unsatisfactory results in maintaining the health and productivity level of their enterprises.