Susceptibility of Triatoma sordida Stal, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to alpha-cypermethrin under natural climatic conditions

Abstract:INTRODUCTION:Despite the recommendations by interpretation of resistance ratios obtained in laboratory bioassays, little is known about the actual impact of these results in the effectiveness of vector control activities in the field. In this context, our objective was to determine the mean value of different resistance ratios obtained by laboratory bioassays performed as part of the chemical control strategies of Triatoma sordida in the field.METHODS:Field bioassays were developed in Monte Azul and Coração de Jesus (Southeast, Brazil). In each location, samples were formed with three domestic units treated with alpha-cypermethrin 20.0% (Alfatek (r) 200 SC). One day after spraying, 10 fifth-instar nymphs remained in contact with the surfaces treated (adobe with plaster, adobe without plaster, or wood) with insecticide in plastic cones for 72h. Three cones were exposed inside the intradomicile and the peridomicile. The insects in the control group were exposed to an insecticide-free piece of cardboard. Mortality was measured 72h after removal of the insects from the treated surfaces. The tests were realized in triplicate.RESULTS:Mortality was 100.0% in all locations, except for Monte Azul; Landinho (96.6%) and Coração de Jesus; Barriguda (96.6%).CONCLUSIONS:Although the resistant populations in laboratory tests proved to be susceptible in the field, this observation is not sufficient to suggest that the cut-off points used to justify the resistance ratio should be changed. In this sense, we recommend that laboratory and field bioassays are carried out with a greater number of Triatominae populations to allow more in-depth consideration of the subject.

Ecological aspects of Rhodnius nasutus Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in palms of the Chapada do Araripe in Ceará, Brazil

The aim of this work is to present aspects related to the ecology of Rhodnius nasutus Stål, 1859 in palms from Chapada do Araripe in Ceará, Brazil. The following five species of palms were investigated: babaçu (Attalea speciosa), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), carnaúba (Copernicia prunifera), catolé (Syagrus oleracea) and macaúba-barriguda (Acrocomia intumescens). Fifth palms were dissected (10 specimens for each species). The overall infestation index was 86%, with a total of 521 triatomines collected. The Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas, 1909 Index was 16.8% and two insects presented mixed infection with Trypanosoma rangeli Tejera, 1920. A precipitin test showed that R. nasutus from palms of Chapada do Araripe are associated with opossum and bird although other possible bloodmeals were observed. Our results showing a high index of infestation of the palms as well as T. cruzi infection, the association of R. nasutus with the most diverse species of palms and proximity of these palms to houses demonstrate the importance of this area for sylvatic T. cruzi transmission and suggest the need for epidemiological surveillance in the region of the Chapada do Araripe.

Estresse salino e temperaturas na germinação e vigor de sementes de Chorisia glaziovii O. Kuntze

Chorisia glaziovii O. Kuntze, espécie nativa do Nordeste brasileiro, pertencente à família Bombacaceae têm usos diversificados na medicina popular, na recomposição de áreas degradadas e na indústria de estofados. Assim, objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o efeito do estresse salino e temperaturas na germinação e vigor das sementes de C. glaziovii. As soluções salinas foram preparadas utilizando-se como soluto o NaCl, nas concentrações: 0,0 (controle); 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dS.m-1 diluídas em água destilada e deionizada. Posteriormente as sementes foram distribuídas no substrato e postas para germinar nas temperaturas constantes de 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C e alternada de 20-30 °C. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 5 x 4 (níveis de salinidade e temperaturas), em quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Avaliou-se a porcentagem, primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação, bem como o comprimento de plântulas (raiz e parte aérea). O aumento da concentração salina no substrato provocou redução na germinação e no vigor das sementes de C. glaziovii, especialmente na temperatura de 30 °C e 35 °C. Na temperatura de 25 °C e 20-30 °C a germinação e o vigor das sementes são menos afetados pelo estresse salino. O estresse salino ocasionado por NaCl até o potencial de 4,5 dS.m-1 não afeta o desempenho germinativo de sementes de C. glaziovii, a qual desenvolveu elevada tolerância à salinidade.