Microphysical evidence of the transition between predominant convective/stratiform rainfall associated with the intraseasonal oscillation in the Southwest Amazon

The distinction between convective and stratiform precipitation profiles around various precipitating systems existent in tropical regions is very important to the global atmospheric circulation, which is extremely sensitive to vertical latent heat distribution. In South America, the convective activity responds to the Intraseasonal Oscillation (IOS). This paper analyzes a disdrometer and a radar profiler data, installed in the Ji-Paraná airport, RO, Brazil, for the field experiment WETAMC/LBA & TRMM/LBA, during January and February of 1999. The microphysical analysis of wind regimes associated with IOS showed a large difference in type, size and microphysical processes of hydrometeor growth in each wind regime: easterly regimes had more turbulence and consequently convective precipitation formation, and westerly regimes had a more stratiform precipitation formation.

Relationship between rainfall and temperature: observations on the cases of visceral leishmaniasis in São Luis Island, State of Maranhão, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem that requires global control strategies, especially with respect to factors that may intervene in reducing the incidence of endemicity. In this work, rainfall density and temperature were correlated with the incidence of human cases in an area endemic for leishmaniasis in São Luis do Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: Notification of human cases by the National Health Foundation/Regional Coordination of Maranhão (FUNASA/COREMA) from 2002 to 2010 was used. Ecological data (mean temperature and rainfall density) were provided by the Meteorological Office of State. RESULTS: A significant association was verified between the number of VL cases and rainfall rate but not in the analysis concerning mean temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the control actions in visceral leishmaniasis should be performed during rainy season in the State of Maranhão, which is in the first half of the year.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in urban Northeast Brazil: influence of rainfall regime on the population dynamics of Biomphalaria sp.

Introduction Our objective was to evaluate the influence of rainfall regime on the population dynamics of Biomphalaria in a potential urban focus of schistosomiasis in Aracaju, Brazil, during 2009-2010. Methods Snails were collected monthly and were counted, measured and identified; the level of infection and fecal contamination at the sampling sites was determined; rainfall data were obtained. Results High levels of fecal contamination were observed, and the abundance of Biomphalaria glabrata increased during the rainy and post-rainy seasons. The snails' size was variable, and infected snails were identified independently of rainfall. Conclusions These results provide evidence of anthropogenic and climate interference in an urban focus of schistosomiasis in the Aracaju metropolitan area.

Local Rainfall Variability - A Potential Bias for Bioecological Studies in the Central Amazon

Rainfall data registered betwe en 1910 and 1979 at Manaus confirm the existence of a dry season between June and November (monthly rainfall: 42-162mm) and a rainy season from December until May (monthly rainfall: 211-300mm). Annual precipitation amounted to 2105mm with about 75% of the rainfall recorded during the rainy season. Rainfall data collected over 12 months at eigth stations in the vicinity of and at Manaus are compared. Annual precipitation was lower in Inundation Regions (1150-2150mm) compared with Dryland Regions (2400-2550mm). Considerable differences are found in rainfall patterns (intensity, frequency and time of rainfall). This is also truefor neighbouring stations, even if data of a 11-year record period are compared. Thus, it is highly recommended that preciptation data for bioecological studies be collected at the study site.

On the influences of the El Niño, La niña and Atlantic Dipole Paterni on the Amazonian Rainfall during 1960-1998

The influence of the large-scale climatic variability dominant modes in the Pacific and in the Atlantic on Amazonian rainfall is investigated. The composite technique of the Amazon precipitation anomalies is used in this work. The basis years for these composites arc those in the period 1960-1998 with occurrences of extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and the north/south warm (or cold) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies dipole pattern in the tropical Atlantic. Warm (cold) dipole means positive (negative) anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic and negative (positive) anomalies in the tropical South Atlantic. Austral summer and autumn composites for extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and independently for north/south dipole pattern (warm or cold) of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic present values (magnitude and sign) consistent with those found in previous works on the relationship between Amazon rainfall variations and the SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic. However, austral summer and autumn composites for the years with simultaneous occurrences of El Niño and warm north/south dipole of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic show negative precipitation anomalies extending eastward over the center-eastern Amazon. This result indicates the important role played by the tropical Atlantic in the Amazon anomalous rainfall distribution.

Diurnal variability of rainfall in southwest Amazonia during the LBA-TRMM field campaign of the austral summer of 1999

The TRMM-LBA field campaign was held during the austral summer of 1999 in southwestern Amazonia. Among the major objectives, was the identification and description of the diurnal variability of rainfall in the region, associated with the different rain producing weather systems that occurred during the January-February season. By using a network of 40 digital rain gauges implemented in the state of Rondônia, and together with observations and analyses of circulation and convection, it was possible to identify details of the diurnal cycle of rainfall and the associated rainfall mechanisms. Rainfall episodes were characterized by regimes of "low-level easterly" and "westerly" winds in the context of the large-scale circulation. The westerly regime is related to an enhanced South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) and an intense and/or wide Low Level Jet (LLJ) east of the Andes, which can extend eastward towards Rondônia, even though some westerly regime episodes also show a LLJ that remains close to the foothill of the Andes. The easterly regime is related to easterly propagating systems (e.g. squall-lines) with possible weakened or less frequent LLJs and a suppressed SACZ. Diurnal variability of rainfall during westerly surface wind regime shows a characteristic maximum at late afternoon followed by a relatively weaker second maximum at early evening (2100 Local Standard Time LST). The easterly regime composite shows an early morning maximum followed by an even stronger maximum in the afternoon.

Uso de imagens de radar para o cálculo da produção primária de plantas aquáticas nas várzeas da Amazônia

A área da planície de inundação da Amazônia é estimada em 300 000km² e sua produtividade primária em 1,17 x 10(14) g C yr-1. Deste total de área e produtividade, estimativas sugerem que 43% e 62%, respectivamente, são atribuídos às plantas aquáticas. Estas estimativas variam de acordo com o pulso de inundação. Por exemplo, durante o período de seca as plantas terrestres (herbáceas) geralmente ocupam áreas que apresentam plantas aquáticas na cheia. A área e a produtividade destes ecossistemas são informações essenciais para a compreensão da dinâmica biogeoquímica da Amazônia. Imagens de satélites (radar) combinadas com amostragem de campo foram utilizadas para estimar a biomassa e mapear a área de cobertura de plantas aquáticas emergentes para calcular a produção primária de plantas aquáticas na várzea do baixo Amazonas. A combinação de bandas C e L forneceu a melhor correlação (r=0,82) e um ponto de saturação de biomassa intermediário (620 gm-2) para estimar biomassa aérea. O método de segmentação e classificação por região foi utilizado para classificar combinações de bandas C e L para cada período de nível de água, e forneceu uma precisão de mapeamento maior que 95% para determinação espacial de áreas cobertas por plantas aquáticas. Combinando a distribuição espacial de plantas aquáticas, o modelo para estimativa de biomassa aérea e a porcentagem de biomassa submersa, estimou-se espacialmente uma produção primária líquida anual de 1.9x10(12) g C yr-1 (±28%) para as plantas aquáticas em uma área de 394km².

The drought of the century in the Amazon Basin: an analysis of the regional variation of rainfall in South America in 1926

The most severe drought in tropical South America during the 20th century occurred in 1926. This extreme El Nino year is further documented anecdotally, in an update of the river stage observations at Manaus, and in annual rainfall records. The annual rainfall anomaly is an east-west dipole over tropical South America, with drought to the west over the Amazon basin whose discharge is documented at Manaus, and with a surplus to the east and including the Nordeste region of Brazil. Speculations about a role for aerosol in aggravating the drought are discussed.

Soil CO2 efflux in central Amazonia: environmental and methodological effects

Soil respiration plays a significant role in the carbon cycle of Amazonian rainforests. Measurements of soil respiration have only been carried out in few places in the Amazon. This study investigated the effects of the method of ring insertion in the soil as well as of rainfall and spatial distribution on CO2 emission in the central Amazon region. The ring insertion effect increased the soil emission about 13-20% for sandy and loamy soils during the firsts 4-7 hours, respectively. After rainfall events below 2 mm, the soil respiration did not change, but for rainfall greater than 3 mm, after 2 hours there was a decrease in soil temperature and respiration of about 10-34% for the loamy and sand soils, with emissions returning to normal after around 15-18 hours. The size of the measurement areas and the spatial distribution of soil respiration were better estimated using the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data. The Campina reserve is a mosaic of bare soil, stunted heath forest-SHF and tall heath forest-THF. The estimated total average CO2 emissions from the area was 3.08±0.8 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The Cuieiras reserve is another mosaic of plateau, slope, Campinarana and riparian forests and the total average emission from the area was 3.82±0.76 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. We also found that the main control factor of the soil respiration was soil temperature, with 90% explained by regression analysis. Automated soil respiration datasets are a good tool to improve the technique and increase the reliability of measurements to allow a better understanding of all possible factors driven by soil respiration processes.

The influence of the conservation status and changes in the rainfall regime on forest-savanna mosaic dynamics in Northern Brazilian Amazonia

Coupled carbon/climate models are predicting changes in Amazon carbon and water cycles for the near future, with conversion of forest into savanna-like vegetation. However, empirical data to support these models are still scarce for Amazon. Facing this scenario, we investigated whether conservation status and changes in rainfall regime have influenced the forest-savanna mosaic over 20 years, from 1986 to 2006, in a transitional area in Northern Amazonia. By applying a spectral linear mixture model to a Landsat-5-TM time series, we identified protected savanna enclaves within a strictly protected nature reserve (Maracá Ecological Station - MES) and non-protected forest islands at its outskirts and compared their areas among 1986/1994/2006. The protected savanna enclaves decreased 26% in the 20-years period at an average rate of 0.131 ha year-1, with a greater reduction rate observed during times of higher precipitation, whereas the non-protected forest islands remained stable throughout the period of study, balancing the encroachment of forests into the savanna during humid periods and savannization during reduced rainfall periods. Thus, keeping favorable climate conditions, the MES conservation status would continue to favor the forest encroachment upon savanna, while the non-protected outskirt areas would remain resilient to disturbance regimes. However, if the increases in the frequency of dry periods predicted by climate models for this region are confirmed, future changes in extension and directions of forest limits will be affected, disrupting ecological services as carbon storage and the maintenance of local biodiversity.

An experimental test of rainfall as a control agent of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) on seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn (Myrtaceae)

An experimental test of rainfall as a control agent of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) on seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn (Myrtaceae). Glycaspis brimblecombei is one the greatest threats to eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. The effects of rainfall to reduce the abundance of lerp of Glycaspis brimblecombei on experimentally infested seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were assessed. The number of lerps on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of every leaf of 60 seedlings was recorded, before and after submission to the following treatments: "artificial rain", "leaf wetting" and control. A drastic reduction in lerp abundance per plant was observed after the treatments "leaf wetting" and artificial rain (F = 53.630; p < 0.001), whereas lerp abundance remained roughly constant in the control treatment along the experiment (F = 1.450; p = 0.232). At the end of the experiment, lerp abundance was significantly lower in both the "artificial rain" and "leaf wetting" than in the control treatment. Two days of rainfall simulation were sufficient to decrease more than 50% of the lerp population, with almost 100% of effectiveness after 5 days of experiment. Our results indicate that lerp solubilization and mechanical removal by water are potential tools to the population regulation of G. brimblecombei on E. camaldulensis seedlings.

Estimativa do teor de água no solo utilizando dados de radar de abertura sintética

Em virtude da crescente demanda mundial por alimentos, um monitoramento eficaz e em larga escala da umidade do solo constitui fator de grande importância para a previsão de safras. Este trabalho teve por objetivo apresentar uma técnica para o cálculo do teor de água no solo, utilizando modelos preditivos de umidade do solo, baseados em dados de radar de abertura sintética (SAR). Foram utilizados dados do SAR a bordo do JERS-1 ("Japanese Earth Resources Satellite") e dois modelos empíricos. O primeiro relaciona o coeficiente de retroespalhamento com a permissividade complexa (modelo de Dubois), e o segundo relaciona a permissividade complexa com o teor de água do solo e algumas de suas características físico-hídricas, tais como percentagem de areia e argila (modelo de Hallikainen). Inicialmente, os dados do SAR/JERS-1 foram calibrados e, por meio do modelo de Dubois, foram calculados os valores de permissividade complexa. Para tanto, foi necessário inserir níveis estimados de rugosidade do solo. A partir destes resultados, utilizou-se o modelo de Hallikainen para calcular a umidade volumétrica. A análise geral dos resultados indica que a técnica de estimação de umidade do solo a partir de imagens de radar de abertura sintética, utilizada neste estudo, mostrou-se física e matematicamente exeqüível. No entanto, apresentou uma precisão moderada, não sendo ainda recomendada para o uso operacional no mapeamento de umidade do solo. A análise dos resultados revelou também que a precisão dos dados é bastante influenciada pela precisão dos valores de rugosidade introduzidos.

Estimation of surface roughness in a semiarid region from C-band ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar data

In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using the C-band European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to estimate surface soil roughness in a semiarid rangeland. Radar backscattering coefficients were extracted from a dry and a wet season SAR image and were compared with 47 in situ soil roughness measurements obtained in the rocky soils of the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southeastern Arizona, USA. Both the dry and the wet season SAR data showed exponential relationships with root mean square (RMS) height measurements. The dry C-band ERS-1 SAR data were strongly correlated (R² = 0.80), while the wet season SAR data have somewhat higher secondary variation (R² = 0.59). This lower correlation was probably provoked by the stronger influence of soil moisture, which may not be negligible in the wet season SAR data. We concluded that the single configuration C-band SAR data is useful to estimate surface roughness of rocky soils in a semiarid rangeland.

Uso do radar penetrante no solo (GPR) na investigação dos solos dos tabuleiros costeiros no litoral norte do estado da Bahia

Foram estudados nove perfis ao longo de uma toposseqüência sobre os sedimentos do Grupo Barreiras, na Fazenda Rio Negro, município de Entre Rios (BA), utilizando a prospecção eletromagnética por meio do Radar Penetrante no Solo - "Ground-penetrating radar - GPR", objetivando analisar a utilização dessa ferramenta na aquisição de informações sobre as feições que ocorrem no solo, mediante a comparação entre os radargramas obtidos e a descrição pedológica. O equipamento utilizado foi um Geophysical Survey System modelo GPR SR system-2, com antena de 80 MHz. A análise radargramétrica confirmou o aparecimento dos fragipãs e duripãs em profundidade, que ocorrem sempre acompanhados de um processo de transformação dos solos do tipo Latossolo Amarelo e Argissolo Amarelo em Espodossolo. Os padrões de reflexão mostram claramente os domínios dos solos argilosos e dos solos arenosos, com e sem a presença dos horizontes endurecidos.

Uso de sistema GPR (Ground Penetring Radar) na avaliação de atributos de um solo sob plantio de cana-de-açúcar

O GPR utiliza técnica indireta para investigação das estruturas de subsuperfície, sendo caracterizado como método não-invasivo, o qual permite extrair informações ao longo do perfil de solo sem perfurar, sondar ou escavar. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a utilização do GPR no estabelecimento de atributos físicos do solo em área de cultivo com cana-de-açúcar, além de estabelecer sua correlação com o método do cilindro volumétrico. A área de estudo está localizada no município de Bom Sucesso - PR, sendo utilizada com cultura da cana há mais de 20 anos. Foram obtidas amostras de solos indeformadas com cilindro volumétrico nas profundidades de 0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,3, 0,3-0,4 e 0,4-0,5 m, ao longo de três transeptos paralelos, sendo o central referente à linha de plantio (transepto 2) e os outros dois correspondentes às entrelinhas laterais (transeptos 1 e 3). Os valores de densidade e porosidade total, obtidos por meio das amostras físicas, foram inicialmente interpretados para verificar o estado do solo nas linhas e nas entrelinhas de cana, nas cinco profundidades. Posteriormente, foram correlacionados com os valores das constantes dielétricas (K) adquiridos pelo georradar, porém apenas para a camada de 0,4-0,5 m, uma vez que as camadas superficiais até a profundidade de 0,4 m não puderam ser avaliadas devido às limitações técnicas do equipamento, aliadas às condições físicas e químicas do solo, que acabaram por prejudicar as reflexões. A densidade mostrou-se menor nas linhas, quando comparada às entrelinhas, para as camadas de 0-0,1 e 0,2-0,3 m. A porosidade total foi menor nas entrelinhas do que nas linhas na camada de 0-0,1 m. Os valores de K foram maiores nas linhas, onde a umidade e a porosidade total foram maiores, e menores nas entrelinhas, onde as densidades encontravam se próximas ao limite crítico. A correlação de K com a densidade e porosidade total não foi significativa. Pequenas modificações na porosidade do solo em função do aumento da densidade foram suficientes para diminuir o valor de K nas entrelinhas, devido à redução na quantidade de água nos poros. Esse fato pode ser confirmado pela correlação de K com a umidade. Assim, pode-se dizer que o georradar foi extremamente sensível à variação de umidade no solo, apresentando melhores resultados para esta variável do que para a densidade e porosidade total determinada por meio do cilindro volumétrico.