Efeitos do uso crônico do amprenavir sobre a prenhez da rata albina

OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito do uso crônico do amprenavir sobre as implantações, reabsorções, fetos, placentas e mortalidade materna e fetal da rata albina. MÉTODOS: 5 grupos de ratas albinas EPM-1 Wistar, prenhes, foram usados: 2 controles, Contr1 (controle do estresse) e Contr2 (controle do veículo), e três grupos experimentais, Exper1, Exper2 e Exper3, que receberam, respectivamente, 46, 138 e 414 mg/kg de peso de solução oral de amprenavir. Droga e veículo (propilenoglicol) foram ministrados por gavagem. Foram avaliados a evolução ponderal, número de implantações, de reabsorções, de fetos, de placentas e de óbitos intra-uterinos, o peso dos fetos e das placentas e malformações maiores. Foram retirados fragmentos de pulmões, rins, fígado e intestinos para avaliação histopatológica. RESULTADOS: observou-se, no grupo Exper3, tendência a menor ganho de peso materno durante a prenhez (p=0,07), mas o amprenavir não causou efeitos deletérios sobre o conteúdo intra-uterino. O efeito citotóxico da droga revelou-se nas análises histopatológicas de vísceras das ratas prenhes e na taxa de mortalidade materna: 50% nos grupos Exper1 e Exper2 e 70% no grupo Exper3. CONCLUSÃO: o amprenavir, em todas as doses administradas, mas especialmente na dose de 414 mg/kg de peso, mostrou ter efeito deletério sobre os pulmões, intestinos, rins e fígado maternos e aumentou significantemente o percentual de mortalidade materna.

Antiretroviral resistance and genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from the Federal District, Central Brazil

In the context of universal access to antiretroviral therapy, the surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genetic diversity and resistance becomes pivotal. In this work our purpose was to describe the genetic variability; prevalence of drug-resistance mutations; and genotypic resistance profiles in HIV-1 infected individuals under antiretroviral treatment, from the Federal District, Brasília, Central Brazil. The entire viral protease and codons 19 to 234 of the reverse transcriptase gene from 45 HIV-1 isolates were amplified and sequenced for subtyping and genotyping. By phylogenetic analysis, 96% of the samples clustered with subtype B and the remaining 4% with HIV-1 subtype F sequences. One major protease inhibitor resistance-associated mutation, I50V, was detected in 38% of the samples. Minor mutations were also found at the protease gene: L10I/V (7%), K20M (2%), M36I (11%), L63P (20%), A71T (2%), and V77I (7%). Many mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to nucleoside or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were detected: M41L (11%), E44D (4%), D67N (11%), T69D (2%), K70R (11%), L74V (2%), L100I (4%), K103N (18%), V118I (9%), Y181C (11%), M184V (18%), G190A (4%), T215Y (4%), and K219E (4%). This study has shown that 84% of the studied population from the Federal District, showing evidences of therapy failure, presented viral genomic mutations associated with drug resistance. The main antiretrovirals to which this population showed resistance were the PI amprenavir (38%), the NNRTIs delavirdine, nevirapine (31%), and efavirenz (24%), and the NRTIs lamivudine (18%), abacavir, and zidovudine (13%).

The impact of the nelfinavir resistance-conferring mutation D30N on the susceptibility of HIV-1 subtype B to other protease inhibitors

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease mutation D30N is exclusively selected by the protease inhibitor (PI) nelfinavir and confers resistance to this drug. We demonstrate that D30N increases the susceptibility to saquinavir (SQV) and amprenavir in HIV-1 subtype B isolates and that the N88D mutation in a D30N background neutralizes this effect. D30N also suppresses indinavir (IDV) resistance caused by the M46I mutation. Interestingly, in patients with viruses originally containing the D30N mutation who were treated with IDV or SQV, the virus either reversed this mutation or acquired N88D, suggesting an antagonistic effect of D30N upon exposure to these PIs. These findings can improve direct salvage drug treatment in resource limited countries where subtype B is epidemiologically important and extend the value of first and second line PIs in these populations.

Estratégias farmacológicas para a terapia anti-AIDS

The replicative cycle of HIV presents several events. The proteins involved in these events can be anticipated as pharmacological targets, aiming to the development of anti viral agents. Presently, there are fifteen commercially available anti-HIV drugs, which act at substrate binding site of reverse transcriptase (zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine and abacavir), at a non-substrate binding site of reverse transcriptase (nevirapine, delavirdine and efavirenz), or by inhibiting HIV protease activity (saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir and lopinavir). The present review focus both on these established classes of drugs and on new classes of compounds acting on other virus specific steps.