Serologic survey for hantavirus infections among wild animals in rural areas of São Paulo State, Brazil

A serosurvey was conducted in wild animals captured close to two areas where hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) occurred in São Paulo State, Brazil. Serum samples from a total of 43 mammals were tested for antibodies reactive with Sin Nombre (SN) hantavirus using a strip immunoblot assay. RNAs from the blood clots of the positive samples were submitted to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Two rodents of the genus Oligoryzomys were positive for hantavirus antibodies. These animals were captured in the Iguape region and represented 16.7% (2/12) of the sera from rodents and 100.0% (2/2) of the Oligoryzomys captured in that area. RT-PCR failed to amplify any viral cDNA. These results are in agreement with other data that suggest that members of this genus are important reservoirs of hantaviruses in Brazil.

Muscarinic antibodies and heart rate responses to dynamic exercise and to the Valsalva maneuver in chronic chagasic patients

We have studied the cardiac chronotropic responses to the Valsalva maneuver and to dynamic exercise of twenty chronic chagasic patients with normal left ventricular function and no segmental wall abnormalities by two-dimensional echocardiogram. The absolute increase in heart rate of the patients (Δ = 21.5 ± 10 bpm, M±SD) during the maneuver was significantly diminished when compared to controls (Δ = 31.30 ± 70, M±SD, p = 0.03). The minimum heart rate (58.24 ± 8.90 vs. 62.80 ± 10, p = 0.68) and the absolute decrease in heart rate at the end of the maneuver (Δ = 38.30 ± 13 vs. Δ = 31.47 ± 17, p = 0.10) were not different from controls. The initial heart rate acceleration during dynamic exercise (Δ = 12 ± 7.55 vs. Δ = 19 ± 7.27, M±SD, p = 0.01) was also diminished, but the heart rate recovery during the first ten seconds was more prominent in the sero-positive patients (Median: 14, Interquartile range: (9.75-17.50 vs. 5(0-8.75, p = 0.001). The serum levels of muscarinic cardiac auto-antibodies were significantly higher in the chagasic patients (Median: 34.58, Interquartile Range: 17-46.5, Optical Density) than in controls (Median: 0, Interquartile Range: 0-22.25, p = 0.001) and correlated significantly and directly (r = 0.68, p = 0.002) with early heart rate recovery during dynamic exercise. The results of this investigation indirectly suggest that, the cardiac muscarinic auto-antibodies may have positive agonist effects on parasympathetic heart rate control of chagasic patients.

Mineralogia e micromorfologia de solos esqueléticos do bioma cerrado, no leste de Goiás

A grande quantidade de material mineral com diâmetro maior que 2 mm de alguns solos do bioma Cerrado é uma característica de interesse em se tratando de formação, classificação, uso e manejo desses solos. Com o objetivo de contrastar atributos morfológicos, físicos, químicos, mineralógicos e micromorfológicos desses solos, com caráter esquelético, foram estudados perfis de Plintossolos Pétricos e Cambissolos Háplicos no leste de Goiás, comparando-os, também, com outros perfis semelhantes descritos na literatura. Cada perfil de solo (seis ao todo) correspondeu a uma trincheira, que permitiu a descrição morfológica e as amostragens, realizadas em duas profundidades, totalizando 12 amostras. Os corpos de petroplintita das frações mais grosseiras da terra fina contribuem para aumentar o Fe2O3 do ataque sulfúrico dos Plintossolos. As relações Feo/Fed são, de forma generalizada, muito baixas, refletindo a elevada estabilidade das formas cristalinas de Fe. Os Plintossolos e os Cambissolos estudados apresentam valores médios de Ki e Kr relativamente baixos quando comparados com outros solos das mesmas classes e com caráter esquelético do bioma Cerrado. A ausência de hematita na fração argila dos solos estudados reflete um processo de xantização do pedoambiente mais úmido das bordas da chapada, local de ocorrência dos Plintossolos, cujo material erodido contribui para formação dos Cambissolos. A hematita só aparece na fração areia dos Plintossolos, associada aos corpos de petroplintita. Magnetita/maghemita foram identificadas nas duas classes de solos. Nos Cambissolos, a detecção de mica por difração de raios X da fração areia e de minerais com cores de interferência fortes nas lâminas delgadas, além dos maiores valores das relações Ki e Kr, realçam a presença de material menos intemperizado, relativamente aos Plintossolos. A pequena quantidade de plasma, 10 % em relação à área das lâminas delgadas, confirma o caráter esquelético dos solos estudados. Os Plintossolos apresentam estrutura granular adensada. Os Cambissolos apresentam o espaço poroso menos conectado e dominado por alvéolos e canais, com microestrutura de grãos com películas.

Rainfall erosivity and rainfall return period in the experimental watershed of Aracruz, in the coastal plain of Espirito Santo, Brazil

Knowledge on the factors influencing water erosion is fundamental for the choice of the best land use practices. Rainfall, expressed by rainfall erosivity, is one of the most important factors of water erosion. The objective of this study was to determine rainfall erosivity and the return period of rainfall in the Coastal Plains region, near Aracruz, a town in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, based on available data. Rainfall erosivity was calculated based on historic rainfall data, collected from January 1998 to July 2004 at 5 min intervals, by automatic weather stations of the Aracruz Cellulose S.A company. A linear regression with individual rainfall and erosivity data was fit to obtain an equation that allowed data extrapolation to calculate individual erosivity for a 30-year period. Based on this data the annual average rainfall erosivity in Aracruz was 8,536 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. Of the total annual rainfall erosivity 85 % was observed in the most critical period October to March. Annual erosive rains accounted for 38 % of the events causing erosion, although the runoff volume represented 88 % of the total. The annual average rainfall erosivity return period was estimated to be 3.4 years.

Erosão em sulcos e entressulcos em razão do formato de parcela em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo arênico

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de parcelas de erosão com seções transversais da superfície do solo retangular (STR) e triangular (STT) na perda de solo e água e na erodibilidade, em sulcos e entressulcos. O experimento foi conduzido em 1998, em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arênico, preparado convencionalmente. As dimensões das parcelas de entressulcos foram de 0,50 m por 0,75 m; nos sulcos com STR, as dimensões foram de 0,20 m por 5,90 m, e nos de STT, de 0,50 m por 5,90 m. Utilizou-se chuva simulada constante de 65 mm h-1 nos entressulcos, durante 90 minutos. Nos sulcos, após pré-umedecimento do solo, foram aplicadas cinco vazões extras crescentes de 0,0002 m³ s-1 até 0,0010 m³ s-1. A desagregação nos entressulcos Di (2,09.10-4 kg m-2 s-1 nas STR e 3,35.10-4 kg m-2 s-1 nas STT), a erodibilidade nos entressulcos Ki (1,77.10(6) kg s m-4 nas STR e 2,00.10(6) kg s m-4 nas STT), a erodibilidade em sulcos Kr (0,0110 kg N-1 s-1 nas STR e 0,0074 kg N-1 s-1 na STT) e a tensão crítica de cisalhamento tauc (2,61 N m-2 na STR e 2,00 N m-2 na STT) não foram estatisticamente diferentes nos dois formatos de seção transversal, e podem ser determinados usando-se qualquer um dos formatos de parcelas em solos de textura superficial arenosa.

Aggregate stability in soils cultivated with eucalyptus

The objective of this work was to evaluate the aggregate stability of tropical soils under eucalyptus plantation and native vegetation, and assess the relationships between aggregate stability and some soil chemical and physical properties. Argisols, Cambisol, Latosols and Plinthosol within three eucalyptus-cultivated regions, in the states of Espírito Santo, Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais, Brazil, were studied. For each region, soils under native vegetation were compared to those under minimum tillage with eucalyptus cultivation. The aggregate stability was measured using the high-energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) technique, i.e., the moisture release curve at very low suctions. This method compares the resistance of aggregates to slaking on a relative scale from zero to one. Thus, the aggregate stability from different soils and management practices can be directly compared. The aggregate stability ratio was greater than 50% for all soils, which shows that the aggregate stability index is high, both in eucalyptus and native vegetation areas. This suggests that soil management adopted for eucalyptus cultivation does not substantially modify this property. In these soils, the aggregate stability ratio does not show a good relationship with clay or soil organic matter contents. However, soil organic matter shows a positive relationship with clay content and cation exchange capacity.