Virtual reality in assessment and treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review

Objective To conduct a systematic review about the use of virtual reality (VR) for evaluation, treatment and/or rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia, focused on: areas, fields and objectives; methodological issues; features of the VR used; viability and efficiency of this resource. Methods Searches were performed about schizophrenia and virtual reality in PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, MEDLINE Complete, CINAHL with Full Text, Web of Science and Business Source Premier databases, using the following keywords: [“schizophrenia”] AND [“virtual reality” OR “serious game”] AND [“treatment” OR “therapy” OR “rehabilitation”]. The search was carried out between November 2013 and June 2014 without using any search limiters. Results A total of 101 papers were identified, and after the application of exclusion criteria, 33 papers remained. The studies analysed focused on the use of VR for the evaluation of cognitive, social, perceptual and sensory skills, and the vast majority were experimental studies, with virtual reality specifically created for them. All the reviewed papers point towards a reliable and safe use of VR for evaluating and treating cognitive and social deficits in patients with schizophrenia, with different results in terms of generalisation, motivation, assertiveness and task participation rate. Some problems were highlighted, such as its high cost and a constant need for software maintenance. Conclusion The studies show that using the virtual reality may streamline traditional evaluation/rehabilitation programmes, allowing to enhance the results achieved, both in the cognitive and in the social field, helping for the legitimisation of this population’s psycho-social inclusion.

Computer programs for analysis of droplets sprayed on water sensitive papers

The use of water-sensitive papers is an important tool for assessing the quality of pesticide application on crops, but manual analysis is laborious and time-consuming. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate and compare the results obtained from four software programs for spray droplet analysis in different scanned images of water-sensitive papers. After spraying, papers with four droplet deposition patterns (varying droplet spectra and densities) were analyzed manually and by means of the following computer programs: CIR, e-Sprinkle, DepositScan and Conta-Gotas. The diameter of the volume and number medians and the number of droplets per target area were studied. There is a strong correlation between the values measured using the different programs and the manual analysis, but there is a great difference between the numerical values measured for the same paper. Thus, it is not advisable to compare results obtained from different programs.

Realidade virtual no tratamento do transtorno de pânico

O uso de realidade virtual (RV) é útil no tratamento de exposição em pacientes com transtorno de pânico (TP). Em ambientes virtuais, os pacientes experimentam alterações fisiológicas, psíquicas e somáticas similares aos sintomas em situações da vida real, facilitando o processo de habituação. OBJETIVO: Divulgar o panorama atual do uso de RV no tratamento do TP. MÉTODO: A literatura sobre o tratamento do TP a partir da RV foi revisada com metodologia sistemática na base de dados PubMed, por meio das palavras-chave: virtual reality e panic disorder. RESULTADOS: O tratamento do TP com RV está em geral associado a bons resultados e à boa aceitabilidade por parte dos pacientes. São poucos os estudos que mensuram respostas fisiológicas durante a exposição, apesar da importância destes dados para avaliação da eficácia do tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar da utilidade do tratamento do TP por RV ser verificada nos estudos, constata-se necessidade de estudos controlados e protocolos de tratamento padronizados.

Realidade virtual e robótica em cirurgia: aonde chegamos e para onde vamos?

Minimally Invasive Surgery, Telesurgery, Robotics and Virtual Reality represent the technological frontiers that have revolutionized operating practices nowadays. These new technologies aim at improving the quality of assistance offered to patients; thus, they demand from the medical staff more effective measures as far as scientific research, training and expenditure of time and financial resources are concerned. In the past, surgeons have led several medical revolutions, such as the use of antiseptic surgical methods by Semelweiss, the use of anesthesia by Warren, antibiotic therapy, the transplants and the onset of the minimally invasive surgery by Mouret and Perissat. The objective of this article is to present the outreach of this new technology which comprises minimal access, computing, robotics and teletransmission. We have concluded that the new technologies developed in the medical field in the last decades, will offer new options and challenges for the treatment of the surgical patient, leading the scientific knowledge to a new era, the one of the virtual environment.

Educational technologies designed to promote cardiovascular health in adults: integrative review

Objective Investigating the educational technologies developed for promoting cardiovascular health in adults. Method Integrative review carried out in the databases of PubMed, SciELO and LILACS, with 15 articles selected. Results Over half (60%) of the studies were randomized clinical trials. The developed educational technologies were programs involving three strategies, with duration of one year, use of playful technologies with storytelling, computer programs or software for smartphones, and electronic brochure. These technologies resulted in reduction of blood pressure, weight, waist circumference, decreased hospitalizations and increased years of life. Conclusion The studies with better impact on the cardiovascular health of adults were those who brought the technology in the form of program and duration of one year.

Avaliação do volume da placenta no primeiro trimestre de gestação por meio da ultrassonografia tridimensional utilizando o método XI VOCAL

OBJETIVO: Determinar valores de referência para o volume da placenta entre 7 e 10 semanas e 6 dias de gestação por meio da ultrassonografia tridimensional utilizando o método XI VOCAL (eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo de corte transversal com 70 gestantes normais entre 7 e 10 semanas e 6 dias. Para o cálculo de volume, utilizou-se o método XI VOCAL com delimitação de dez planos adjacentes. Foram determinadas médias, medianas, desvios-padrão, valores máximo e mínimo para o volume da placenta. Para avaliar a correlação do volume da placenta com a idade gestacional, foi criado gráfico de dispersão, sendo o ajuste realizado pelo coeficiente de determinação (R²). RESULTADOS: A média do volume da placenta variou de 4,6 cm³ (2,6-8,6 cm³) a 28,9 cm³ (11,4-66,9 cm³). O volume da placenta (VP) se mostrou altamente correlacionado com a idade gestacional (IG), sendo o melhor ajuste com a regressão exponencial [VP = exp(0,582 × IG + 0,063); R² = 0,82]. CONCLUSÃO: Valores de referência para o volume da placenta no primeiro trimestre de gestação utilizando o método XI VOCAL foram determinados.

Reprodutibilidade interobservador dos índices vasculares do Doppler de amplitude tridimensional do embrião entre 7 e 10 semanas e 6 dias de gestação

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade interobservador dos índices de vascularização do Doppler de amplitude tridimensional (Doppler de amplitude 3D) no primeiro trimestre de gestação. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo de reprodutibilidade com 32 gestantes normais entre 7 e 10 semanas e 6 dias. Para o cálculo do volume tridimensional dos embriões utilizou-se o método VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis) com ângulo de rotação de 12°. Em seguida obtiveram-se, automaticamente, os três índices vasculares do Doppler de amplitude 3D: índice de vascularização (VI), índice de fluxo (FI) e índice de vascularização e fluxo (VFI). Para o cálculo da variabilidade interobservador, um examinador realizou uma segunda medida dos 32 embriões e um segundo examinador realizou uma terceira medida dos mesmos volumes, ambos desconhecendo os resultados do outro. Utilizaram-se, para análise estatística, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e gráficos de Bland-Altman. RESULTADOS: Observou-se boa reprodutibilidade interobservador dos três índices vasculares. O VI apresentou CCI = 0,9 e média da diferença = -1,1; o FI apresentou CCI = 0,9 e média da diferença = -0,5; e o VFI apresentou CCI = 0,9 e média da diferença = -1,1. CONCLUSÃO: Os índices vasculares do Doppler de amplitude 3D do embrião no primeiro trimestre de gestação foram altamente reprodutíveis, em especial o FI.

Reprodutibilidade do volume de membros fetais pela ultrassonografia tridimensional utilizando o método XI VOCAL

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade do volume do braço e coxa fetais aferido pela ultrassonografia tridimensional utilizando o método eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (XI VOCAL). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo de reprodutibilidade com 43 fetos normais entre 20 e 37 semanas. Para o cálculo do volume do braço e coxa fetais utilizou-se o método XI VOCAL com delimitação de 10 planos consecutivos. Para o cálculo da variabilidade interobservador, um examinador realizou uma medida do volume do braço e coxa dos 43 fetos, enquanto um segundo examinador, sem o conhecimento prévio dos resultados do primeiro examinador, realizou uma segunda medida dos mesmos volumes. Utilizaram-se, para os cálculos estatísticos, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ricc), gráficos de Bland-Altman e teste t-Student pareado (p). RESULTADOS: Observou-se alta reprodutibilidade interobservador. Para o volume do braço, obtiveram-se ricc = 0,996 (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%: 0,992; 0,998) e média das diferenças = 0,13 ± 1,29% (95% limites de concordância: -2,54; +2,54%). Para o volume da coxa, obtiveram-se ricc = 0,997 (IC 95%: 0,995; 0,999) e média das diferenças = 0,24 ± 7,60% (95% limites de concordância: -7,6; +7,6%). CONCLUSÃO: O volume do braço e coxa fetais aferido pela ultrassonografia tridimensional utilizando o método XI VOCAL apresentou elevada reprodutibilidade interobservador.

Análise da reprodutibilidade do Doppler de amplitude tridimensional na avaliação da circulação do cérebro fetal

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade intra e interobservador do Doppler de amplitude tridimensional (3D power Doppler) na avaliação do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral do território da artéria cerebral média. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal com 20 gestantes normais entre 26 e 34 semanas. O território da artéria cerebral média mais próximo ao transdutor foi selecionado e o volume foi calculado utilizando-se o método Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis. Posteriormente, obtiveram-se os índices do 3D power Doppler: índice de vascularização (VI), índice de fluxo (FI) e índice de vascularização-fluxo (VFI). Utilizaram-se, para os cálculos, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e gráficos de Bland-Altman. RESULTADOS: Foi observada boa concordância intra e interobservador, com CCI > 0,90 para todos os índices do 3D power Doppler: VI [CCI = 0,992 (IC 95%: 0,981-0,997)], FI [CCI = 0,999 (IC 95%: 0,998-0,999)], VFI [CCI = 0,995 (IC 95%: 0,987-0,998)]. Reprodutibilidade interobservador: VI [CCI = 0,988 (IC 95%: 0,970-0,995)], FI [CCI = 0,999 (IC 95%: 0,997-1,000)], VFI [CCI = 0,994 (IC 95%: 0,994-0,998)]. CONCLUSÃO: O 3D power Doppler mostrou-se um método prático, fácil e com boa reprodutibilidade intra e interobservador, com o IF evidenciando a melhor concordância intra e interobservador

A transformada de Fourier em basic

In this paper we describe three computer programs in Basic language about the Fourier transform (FFT) which are available in the Internet site http://artemis.ffclrp.usp.br/SoftwareE.htm (in English) or http://artemis.ffclrp.usp.br/softwareP.htm (in Portuguese) since October 1998. Those are addresses to the Web Page of our Laboratory of Organic Synthesis. The programs can be downloaded and used by anyone who is interested on the subject. The texts, menus and captions in the programs are written in English.

Redes neurais e suas aplicações em calibração multivariada

Neural Networks are a set of mathematical methods and computer programs designed to simulate the information process and the knowledge acquisition of the human brain. In last years its application in chemistry is increasing significantly, due the special characteristics for model complex systems. The basic principles of two types of neural networks, the multi-layer perceptrons and radial basis functions, are introduced, as well as, a pruning approach to architecture optimization. Two analytical applications based on near infrared spectroscopy are presented, the first one for determination of nitrogen content in wheat leaves using multi-layer perceptrons networks and second one for determination of BRIX in sugar cane juices using radial basis functions networks.

Introdução a modelagem molecular de fármacos no curso experimental de química farmacêutica

Molecular Modeling is an important tool in drug design and it is very useful to predict biological activity from a library of compounds. A wide variety of computer programs and methods have been developed to visualize the tridimensional geometry and calculate physical properties of drugs. In this work, we describe a practical approach of molecular modeling as a powerful tool to study structure-activity relationships of drugs, including some antibacterials, hormones, cholinergic and adrenergic agents. At first, the students learn how to draw 3D structures and use them to perform conformational and molecular analysis. Thus, they compare drugs with similar pharmacological activity by superimposing one structure on the top of another and evaluate the geometry and physical properties.

Integración de visualización científica molecular en el salón de clases

For some years, Chemistry teachers have used scientific visualization software of molecular models in computing rooms and chemistry laboratories for educational purposes. However, its application in classrooms has been limited. This article describes the integration and use of computer programs for scientific molecular visualization in a traditional classroom. We consider that the improvement of technical aspects of their application and use (usability) has a direct effect on students' understanding of molecular structures (including students' extrinsic motivation), among other factors. Consequently, we developed a guide for the integration of hardware and software of molecular visualization for its use in the classroom.

A teoria de pearson para a disciplina de química orgânica: um exercício prático e teórico aplicado em sala de aula

We report a didactic experience in teaching Pearson's theory (HSAB) to graduate students in organic chemistry. This approach was based on teaching students how to use computer programs to calculate frontier orbitals (HOMO-LUMO). The suggested level of calculation was a semi-empiric PM3, proving to be efficient for obtaining robust and fast numerical results that can be performed easily in the classroom. We described a practical computational exercise and asked students to compare these numerical data with qualitative analysis using valence bond theory. A comprehensive solution of this exercise is presented, aiming to support teachers in their lessons.

Adherence and perceptions regarding simulation training in undergraduate health Sciences

BACKGROUND: Simulation techniques are spreading rapidly in medicine. Suc h resources are increasingly concentrated in Simulation Laboratories. The MSRP-USP is structuring such a laboratory and is interested in the prevalence of individual initiatives that could be centralized there. The MSRP-USP currently has five full-curriculum courses in the health sciences: Medicine, Speech Therapy, Physical Therapy, Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy, all consisting of core disciplines. GOAL: To determine the prevalence of simulation techniques in the regular courses at MSRP-USP. METHODS: Coordinators of disciplines in the various courses were interviewed using a specifically designed semi-structured questionnaire, and all the collected data were stored in a dedicated database. The disciplines were grouped according to whether they used (GI) or did not use (GII) simulation resources. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 256 disciplines were analyzed, of which only 18.3% used simulation techniques, varying according to course: Medicine (24.7.3%), Occupational Therapy (23.0%), Nutrition (15.9%), Physical Therapy (9.8%), and Speech Therapy (9.1%). Computer simulation programs predominated (42.5%) in all five courses. The resources were provided mainly by MSRP-USP (56.3%), with additional funding coming from other sources based on individual initiatives. The same pattern was observed for maintenance. There was great interest in centralizing the resources in the new Simulation Laboratory in order to facilitate maintenance, but there was concern about training and access to the material. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The MSRP-USP simulation resources show low complexity and are mainly limited to computer programs; 2) Use of simulation varies according to course, and is most prevalent in Medicine; 3) Resources are scattered across several locations, and their acquisition and maintenance depend on individual initiatives rather than central coordination or curricular guidelines