Aspects of gastrointestinal immunology and nutrition in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in Brazil

Mucosal surfaces have a fundamental participation in many aspects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection pathogenesis. In Brazilian HIV-1 infected subjects, loss of weight and appetite are among the most debilitating symptoms. In this review we describe a defined mucosal immunogen that has profound but transient effects on HIV viral load, and we suggest that gut associated lymphoid tissue under constant immunostimulation is likely to provide a major contribution to the total levels of HIV. We also show that hypermetabolism appears to play a role in the wasting process in Brazilian patients coinfected with HIV and tuberculosis.

Etiologia viral e bacteriana de casos de gastroenterite infantil: uma caracterização clínica

Numa pesquisa sobre gastroenterites infantis, feita em crianças internadas no Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil, foram identificados rotavírus em 35,2% dos pacientes e bactérias patogênicas em 37,0%; em 38,9% não foi possível identificar rotavírus ou bactérias patogênicas; foram identificados rotavírus em associação com bactérias patogênicas em 11,1% dos casos. Esta pesquisa compreendeu, além do estudo etiológico, outros aspectos, como distribuição etária, estado nutricional, tipo e grau de desidratação e duração média da diarréia.

Avaliação de três cepas de vírus rábico, antigenicamente distintas, em camundongos: II - Estudo da disseminação viral por diferentes órgãos

Estudou-se, comparativamente, o grau de disseminação de três cepas de vírus rábico, duas de origem de cão, Jales e Nigéria, e uma de origem de morcego, DR 19, com perfis antigênicos do nucleocapside distintos. Estas cepas foram inoculadas por via intramuscular, na face interna da coxa, em dois grupos de camundongos, com 21 e 28 dias de idade. Os animais foram mantidos em observação por um período total de 30 dias, e dos animais vitimados pela infecção, foram coletados diferentes órgãos, músculo lingual, coração, pulmão, rim e fígado, além do cérebro e da medula espinal, para avaliar-se o grau de disseminação de cada cepa viral, através da prova de imunofluorescência direta (IFD). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que os decalques de cérebro e de medula espinal apresentaram total concordância na prova de IFD, constatando-se as maiores diferenças com as cepas Jales e Nigéria, situando-se a cepa DR 19, intermediariamente, a estas duas. O músculo lingual foi o órgão que apresentou maior freqüência de positividade para ambos os grupos etários e para as três cepas virais.

Epidemiological aspects of acute viral hepatitis in São Paulo, Brazil

As few reports on the prevalence of each type of viral hepatitis have been published in our country, we studied 154 patients with acute viral hepatitis consecutively seen at the Liver Unit from November 1980 to November 1984. The frequency of hepatitis A, B and non-A, non-B was 52.6%, 27.3% and 20.1% respectively. Greater frequency in young people, previous contact with infected patients and ingestion of suspected foods were the predominant epidemiological features in the hepatitis A group. Hepatitis B was characterized by the parenteral, non-transfusional exposure, previous contact and a high occurence in health-care workers. A history of blood transfusion was a significant finding in the hepatitis non-A, non-B group. Finally, the routes of transmission were unknown in 30-40% of the three groups of patients.

Comparison of serum hepatitis B virus replication markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B: studies on HBeAg/Anti-HBe system, viral dna polymerase and HBV-DNA

The detection of HBV-DNA in serum by molecular hybridization is the most sensitive and specific marker of replication and infectivity of hepatitis B virus and currently is proposed as a routine diagnostic technique in the follow-up of HBV - related diseases. Comparing different techniques already described, we found that direct spotting of serum samples on nitrocellulose membranes under vacuum filtration, followed by denaturing and neutralizing washes is more practical, simple, sensible and reproducible. DNA polymerase assay using phosphonoformic acid as specific viral inhibitor has shown 86.8% of concordance with HBV-DNA detection, and so, it is an useful alternative in the follow-up of hepatitis B chronic patients. We found 19.2% HBeAg positive samples with no other markers of viral replication and no anti-HBe positive sample had detectable HBV-DNA. Discordance between the 2 systems have been extensively described, and we confirm this for the first time in our country. Molecular biological techniques are essential to determine the replication status of chronic hepatitis B patients.

Deteccion de citomegalovirus mediante la tecnica de inmunoperoxidasa y aislamiento viral

En el presente estudio se comparó la técnica de inmunoperoxidasa para la detección de citomegalovirus (IPCMV) utilizando anticuerpos monoclonales que reconocen proteínas precoces virales con el método convencional de aislamiento viral en fibroblastos humanos. Un total de 150 muestras de orina fueron examinadas encontrando una sensibilidad de un 89.8% y una especificidad de 91.3% de la técnica de IPCMV comparada con el aislamiento viral. Una de las ventajas que presentó la IPCMV fue la rapidez con que fueron obtenidos los resultados (48 horas) mientras que el aislamiento viral fue como promedio 14 días.

The frequency of blood-born viral infections in a population of multitransfused Brazilian patients

The frequency of viral markers for hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) was evaluated in 32 Brazilian ß-thalassemia multitransfused patients. Additionaly the serum concentrations of ferritin and alanine aspartate transaminase (ALAT) were determined. The results show a high prevalence of markers of infection by HBV (25.0%) and HCV (46.8%) and a low prevalence of markers for HIV-1 and HTLV-1. No correlations were demonstrated between the presence of the hepatitis markers and the number of units transfused or the serum concentrations of ferritin and ALAT.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in pregnancy: asymptomatic viral excretion at delivery and seroepidemiologic survey of two socioeconomically distinct populations in São Paulo, Brazil

The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV 2) antibodies in child bearing women of 2 Brazilian populations with different socioeconomic status and to determine the risk of neonatal HSV exposure by means of maternal cultures at the onset of labor. The study was conducted at 2 hospitals: A, serving very low income patients and B, serving middle socioeconomic class. 173 participants from group A and 127 from B answered a questionnaire which showed that the patients had similar ages (27.7 and 26.8 years, respectively) but differed with regard to socioeconomic status, age at first intercourse (18.6 vs 20.6 years), number of sex partners (1.5 vs 1.2) and previous sexually transmitted diseases (15% vs. 1.5%). History of genital herpes was given by 11% of group A participants and by a similar number, 7%, of patients from group B. In addition, 200 serum samples from population A and 455 from B were tested by ELISA for and HSV antibodies and 92% and 86%, respectively, were found to be positive. Sixty seropositive samples from group A and 90 from B were further analyzed by Western blot, which showed the presence of type 2 specific antibodies in 46% and 36%, respectively, suggesting an overall HSV 2 prevalence of 42% in group A and 31% in B. Cervical specimens were obtained for culture from 299 asymptomatic patients of population A and 313 of B. HSV was isolated from one specimen in each group, indicating a 0.3% incidence of asymptomatic viral excretion in both populations. In conclusion, the prevalence of type 2 antibodies in childbearing women was very high, but it did not differ with the socioeconomic status. The risk of HSV perinatal transmission was also similar in the 2 study populations and it was comparable with the data from developed countries. Our findings do not indicate the need of special screening programs for asymptomatic HSV excretion in Brazilian pregnant women.