The essential role of democracy in the Bush Doctrine: the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan

Everyone knows that democracy played a role in the Bush Doctrine. What not everyone knows is that this role was essential for the doctrine to be put into operation under which the Iraq invasion was prepared and launched. We argue moreover that, even if aggressive, the Bush doctrine is compatible with the American Liberal Tradition. To demonstrate these arguments we analyze the links between democracy, security, and the US national interests as expressed in the pillars of the American foreign policy since the end of Cold War. The consequential belief of the Bush Administration on the positive effect of exporting democracy by the use of force to Afghanistan and Iraq to fight terrorism will be remarked. It will be shown, however, that in the first years of the Bush Administration, among the justifications for the military interventions in the two countries, security reasons prevailed over democratic concerns, although the latter was significantly present since the early hours after September 11. It was only when it became clear that WMDs did not exist in Iraq that the exporting of democracy as the ultimate weapon to fight terrorism grew remarkably and prevailed over security reasons to invade those rogue states. The paper uses quantitative and qualitative content analysis of the speeches of President Bush and his Secretaries of State and Defense.

Interests and Values in Obama's foreign Policy: Leading from Behind?

Abstract This study will exam the relative importance of values and interests in Obama's foreign policy, focusing on crucial cases: the military actions related to Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Non-Syria, Al-Qaeda and ISIL. We will argue that his "leading from behind" strategy is not very distant from the foreign and defense strategies of his post-Cold War predecessors, by which democracy is seen as an assurance to security. According to Obama's strategy, Americans will only provide support for the building of democracy in the target countries, while this task should be performed by the locals themselves. Americans will provide military training to the new governments as well so they can be responsible for their own security, including preventing regrouping of terrorists in their soil. If Obama opposes the imposing of democracy by the use of force, empirical data shows that his administration is "not prepared to accept" any option that threats US security or American liberal-democratic values, bringing in this way values and interests very close to each other.

Seletividade de inseticidas, recomendados para cucurbitáceas para Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em condições de laboratório

As brocas-das-cucurbitáceas Diaphania spp. são as principais pragas das cucurbitáceas, podendo ocasionar perdas de até 100% na produção. A fim de reduzir o uso de inseticidas, o controle biológico, aplicado com parasitoides do gênero Trichogramma, tem-se destacado. Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade dos ingredientes ativos abamectina, tiacloprido e clorfenapir, para Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Para isso, 20 fêmeas recém-emergidas de T. atopovirilla foram individualizadas, em tubos de vidro (2,5 cm de diâmetro x 8,5 cm de comprimento), e oferecidas cartelas com 30 ovos de Diaphania hyalinata (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), previamente imersas por cinco segundos em calda química. Os ingredientes ativos abamectina, tiacloprido e clorfenapir não afetaram o parasitismo de T. atopovirilia. Clorfenapir reduziu a emergência. Abamectina e tiacloprido são os mais recomendados no manejo integrado de pragas, pois foram os que se mostraram mais seletivos a T. atopovirilia em ovos de D. hyalinata.

Occurrence of campylobacter jejuni in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic children in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Campylobacter jejuni was looked for in the feaces of 262 children, beeing 189 with acute diarrhoea, 31 with chronic diarrhoea and 42 controls. The organism was isolated from 14 (7.4%), 2 (6.5%) and 6 (14.3%) of the children, and each group, respectively.

Relative Frequency of Nosocomial Microorganisms at Unicamp University Hospital from 1987 to 1994

The frequency of microorganisms identified in nosocomial infections at Unicamp University Hospital from 1987 to 1994 was analysed. The most common microorganism was S. aureus (20.9%), which was found in surgical wound, bloodstream and arterial-venous infections. In urinary tract infections (UTI), gram-negative rods (56.5%) and yeasts (9%) predominated. A. baumannii isolates were observed to have increased in the last three years. There was a gradual increase in the frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci and A. baumannii in bloodstream infections but there wasn’t any change in Candida sp

Susceptibilidade da mucosa gástrica à ação lesiva de um sal biliar em ratos chagásicos crônicos

Ratos inoculados previamente com a cepa Y do Trypanosoma cruzi (n = 15) e ratos-controles de mesma idade e sexo (n = 15) foram submetidos a estudo que consistiu no exame da mucosa gástrica após a exposição in vivo da mesma à solução acidificada de um sal biliar, o taurocolato de sódio (TC). Em 10 animais de cada grupo procedeu-se também à contagem dos neurônios do plexo mientérico do estômago e ao exame histopatológico dos corpos neuronais, feito em microscopia óptica convencional. Escores indicativos da gravidade das lesões produzidas pelo TC foram significativamente maiores (P < 0,002) nos ratos chagásicos que nos controles. A área erosada da mucosa gástrica, em % da área total da região glandular do estômago, foi significativamente maior (P0,10) entre os ratos chagásicos (1683,6 ± 449,7 n = 10) e os controles (1732,8 ± 401,1 n = 10). Não houve diferença qualitativa ao exame histopatológico dos corpos neuronais. Estes resultados indicam que, na doença de Chagas experimental crônica, a mucosa gástrica é mais sensível à ação lesiva do TC, o que sugere redução da citoproteção natural do estômago. Esta anormalidade não deve decorrer de alterações da inervação intrínseca que impliquem redução do número de neurônios intramurais do estômago, mas pode ser o resultado de alterações qualitativas não detectáveis à microscopia óptica.

Cistos de Echinococcus vogeli em fígado de paca (Cuniculus paca) originária do Estado do Acre, Brasil

Quatro dos pacientes com doença hidática policística por nós observados referiam ter reconhecido doença no figado de pacas caçadas a fim de serem utilizadas como alimento; as vísceras desses animais eram, habitualmente, dadas aos cães domésticos. Todos os nossos 7 pacientes referiam contactos com cães que previamente haviam ingerido vísceras de pacas. O exame de fígado considerado doente por um dos pacientes e retirado de uma paca abatida na mesma região (Estado do Acre, Brasil) de onde provieram os casos humanos mostrou a presença de cistos hidáticos. As características dos acúleos do protoscolex indicaram tratar-se da forma larval do Echinococcus vogeli. Essas observações confirmam a participação da paca no ciclo biológico do E. vogeli e a via pela qual o homem pode tomar-se o hospedeiro intermediário alternativo desse equinococo.

Chagasic enteropathy

Involvement of the hollow organs of the digestive apparatus can occur in patients in the chronic phase of Chagas' disease. The basic mechanism is destruction of neurons of the enteric nervous system. Whereas megaesophagus and megacolon are the most notable and most extensively studied expressions of the digestive form of Chagas' disease, involvement of the small intestine (Chagasic enteropathy) is less frequent and less known than involvement of the two above mentioned entities. Chagasic enteropathy can be responsible for important clinical and laboratory manifestations resembling those of dyspeptic syndrome, intestinal pseudo-obstruction and bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. Chagasic enteropathy also involves peculiar functional changes, especially those related to motor activity of the organ and to intestinal absorption of carbohydrates. In practice, the diagnosis is based on radiographic documentation of dilation of visceral segments. Treatment consists of clinical control of the above syndromes and, eventually, appropriate surgical operations.

Prevalence of Mansonella ozzardi among riverine communities in the municipality of Lábrea, State of Amazonas, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Estimate the prevalence of Mansonella ozzardi infection and calculate the parasitic infection rate (PIR) in simuliid black flies in the municipality of Lábrea, State of Amazonas, Brazil. METHODS: Prevalence was measured using the thick blood smear method collected from the fingers and was related to age, sex and occupation. Simuliidae were collected with a suction apparatus, then stained with hematoxylin and dissected to verify the PIR. RESULTS: The average prevalence rate of M. ozzardi among the 694 individuals examined was 20.7%. Infection was higher in men (27.6%) than in women (14.3%) (p < 0.001) and occurred in most age groups, with the highest prevalence in the following age groups: 38-47 (40%), 48-57 (53.1%) and >58 (60.5%). The highest prevalence rates were observed in the retired (64%), followed by farm workers (47.1%). Infection by M. ozzardi was only identified in Cerqueirellum amazonicum (Simuliidae) with a PIR of 0.6%. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a high prevalence of M. ozzardi in the riverine communities of Lábrea due to the lack of policies regarding the treatment of microfilaremic individuals in the region and an abundance of competent vectors for M. ozzardi.

Double pylorus: case report and review of the literature

Double pylorus is an unusual condition in which a double communication between the gastric antrum and the duodenal bulb occurs. It may be congenital, or it may be acquired complication of peptic ulcer disease. We present a case of double pylorus in a gentleman with epigastric pain and previous history of peptic ulcer disease. The relationship between Helicobacter pylori and this disease was assessed. A review of the literature, the role of associated diseases and the role of H. pylori are discussed.

Microsatellite instability in solitary and sporadic gastric cancer

Recently, the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) has been reported in gastric cancer and associated with older age of presentation, distal tumor location, early disease staging, and better overall prognosis. Different characteristics in presentation and in tumor behavior may be explained by different genetic alterations during carcinogenesis of gastric cancer. Identification of specific genetic pathways in gastric cancer may have direct impact on prognosis and selection of treatment strategies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 24 patients were treated by radical surgery. Fragments of normal and tumor tissues were extracted from the specimen and stored at -80ºC before DNA purification and extraction. PCR amplification utilizing microsatellite markers was performed. Tumors presenting PCR products of abnormal sizes were considered positive for microsatellite instability (MSI+). RESULTS: Five patients (21%) had tumors that were MSI+ in at least 1 marker. In the group of patients with Lauren's intestinal-type gastric carcinoma, 3 had tumors that were MSI+ (23%), while in the group of diffuse-type gastric cancer, 2 patients had tumors that were MSI+ (19%). The mean age of presentation and the male:female ratio was similar in both groups. Tumors that were MSI+ were more frequently located in proximal portion of the stomach compared to microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors (40% vs. 16%). Although there was a trend of patients with MSI+ tumors towards a proximal gastric tumor location, early staging, and negative lymph node metastasis, there was no statistical significance compared to those with MSS tumors (P >.1). Comparison of overall and disease-free survival between gastric tumors that were MSI+ and those that were MSS found no statistically significant differences (P >.1). CONCLUSIONS: Microsatellite instability is a frequent event in gastric carcinogenesis and shows a trend towards distinct clinical and pathological characteristics of gastric cancer.

Nutritional status and specific leaf area of mahogany and tonka bean under two light environments

Studies on nutritional status and leaf traits were carried out in two tropical tree species Swietenia macrophylla King (mahogany) and Dipetryx odorata Aubl. Willd. (tonka bean) planted under contrasting light environments in Presidente Figueiredo-AM, Brazil. Leaves of S. macrophylla and D. odorata were collected in three year-old trees grown under full sunlight (about 2000 µmol m-2 s-1) and natural shade under a closed canopy of Balsa-wood plantation (Ochroma pyramidale Cav. Ex. Lam.Urb) about 260 µmol m-2 s-1. The parameters analysed were leaf area (LA), leaf dry mass (LDM), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nutrient contents. It was observed that, S. macrophylla leaves grown under full sunlight showed LA 35% lower than those grown under shade. In D. odorata leaves these differences in LA were not observed. In addition, it was observed that S. macrophylla shade leaves, for LDM, were 50% smaller than sun leaves, while in D. odorata, there differences were not observed. SLA in S. macrophylla presented that sun leaves were three times smaller than those grown under shade. In D. odorata, no differences were observed. Nutrient contents in S. macrophylla, regardless of their light environments, showed higher contents for P and Ca than those found in D. odorata. The N, K, Fe and Mn contents in S. macrophylla leaves decreased under shade. Finally, we suggest that the decreasing in leaf nutrient contents may have a negative influence on leaf growth. The results demonstrated that the tested hypothesis is true for leaf traits, which D. odorata, late-successional species, showed lower plasticity for leaf traits than Swietenia macrophylla, mid-successional species.

Decapod crustaceans used as food by the Yanomami Indians of the Balawa-ú village, State of Amazonas, Brazil

The Yanomami are a group of South American Indians that live in the rainforest along the borderlands of Brazil and Venezuela. They depend on hunting, gardening and wild food for survival; crustaceans are a highly prized food item in their diet. Taxonomical and ethnozoological aspects of the Yanomami Indians of the Balawa-ú village, state of Amazonas, Brazil, related to the crustaceans are described. Information and specimens were obtained from August to December, 2003. Interviews were conducted with residents of the village and focused on questions about species exploited, indigenous names, modes of capture and use of the species. One shrimp species of the family Palaemonidae (Macrobrachium brasiliense) and two crab species of Trichodactylidae (Sylviocarcinus pictus, Valdivia serrata) as well as two of Pseudothelphusidae (Fredius fittkaui, F. platyacanthus) were recorded. The indigenous names applied to these species are: shuhu, for shrimp, oko and peimatherimi for each of the two pseudothelphusid crabs, and hesiki tôtôrema for both trichodactylid crabs.

Ocorrência de Polypedilum (Tripodura) amataura Bidawid-Kafka, 1996 (Diptera; Chironomidae) em Aquascypha hydrophora (berk.) Reid (Fungi; Stereaceae), com descrição da pupa na Amazônia Central, Brasil

Quatro larvas foram coletadas em água retida pelo fungo Aquascypha hydrophora (Berk.) Reid (Fungi: Stereaceae) fixo em troncos de árvores eretas, na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Amazonas, Brasil. Das larvas coletadas, apenas um exemplar desenvolveu até a fase adulta, sendo identificado como Polypedilum (Tripodura) amataura Bidawid-Kafka, 1996. Esta é a primeira descrição para uma forma imatura deste gênero, e também o primeiro registro em micotelmata.