Gloria o maldición del individualismo moderno según Louis Dumont

Este artículo discute la noción de individualismo en Louis Dumont, partiendo sobretodo de una reconstitución del encuentro entre sus perspectivas metodológica -- que tiene como base el estudio antropológico de la civilización indiana -- y teórica, referida a la relación entre individuo y sociedad en una llave propiamente maussiana. Por el hecho de saberse que Dumont se utiliza de un abordaje al mismo tiempo comparativo y estructural, lo que se busca es mostrar que el individualismo, al mismo tiempo que se presenta ideologicamente como opuesto a la jerarquía típica de sistemas como las casta indianas, mantiene propiedades lógicas semejantes, en lo que se refiere a la relación entre los valores y las prácticas sociologicamente "englobadas" y veladas. De este modo es posible entender, a partir de este pensamiento, como en el interior del mismo sistema individualista -- liberal e igualitario -- hay espacio para ideologías totalitarias y racistas, como perversiones jerárquicas que trabajan la desigualdad en planos sociologicamente asimétricos como la "naturaleza".

Anomalias em conchas de Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848), criadas em laboratório. (Pulmonata, Planorbidae)

Assinala-se o encontro de anomalias em conchas de 90 espécimens de Biomphalaria straminea, traduzidas por acentuada deformação da última espiral. Os exemplares pertencem à população criada em laboratório e procedente de Curvelo, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

Suscetibilidade de Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) de Piripiri (Piauí, Brasil) a duas cepas de Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907

A suscetibilidade de exemplares de B. straminea descendentes de uma amostra originária do município de Piripiri (Piauí, Brasil), foi testada face a duas cepas de Schistosoma mansoni: "LE" (Belo Horizonte) e "SJ" (São José dos Campos). Verificou-se que a cepa "SJ" infectou 12,5 (8) dos exemplares sobreviventes de B. straminea e 63,6% (14) de B. glabrata usadas como controle. Quando exposta à cepa "LE" do trematódeo, B. straminea mostrou-se refratária, enquanto 84,0% (42) dos exemplares de B. glabrata utilizadas como controle encontravam-se positivas para o S. mansoni. Foram discutidos aspectos relacionados a suscetibilidade de B. straminea e a importância dos resultados obtidos.

First register of Biomphalaria straminea Dunker, 1848, in Santa Catarina State

The first register of Biomphalaria straminea, vector species of schistosomiasis, in Santa Catarina State, South Brazil is described. The specimens were obtained from two ornamental aquaria of private residences. In both cases the ornamental plants and/or fishes were bought from the same supplier. The presence of this species was later confirmed in the farm where these plants and fishes are cultivated, in the city of Governador Celso Ramos, also in Santa Catarina State. The occurrence in natural environments was later detected in two different places of the Island of Santa Catarina.

An indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect antibodies against St. Louis Encephalitis virus

An in house indirect immmunofluorescence assay ( IFA ) in relation to neutralization (NT) reference test, was assessed as a fast and cheap method to carry out serological surveys for St. Louis Encephalitis virus (SLE). Sera obtained from 213 blood donors were analyzed by both tests. The prevalence of seropositivity obtained with IFA was lower than (30.98%) that observed on NT (41.78%). The relative specificity rate of IFA was 96.77% whereas its relative sensitivity rate was 69.66%. Kappa index showed a good correlation between both tests. The results indicate that neutralization assay is still the serological test with the highest sensitivity and specificity relative rates for detecting antibodies against SLE virus. Nevertheless, the IFA could be useful as an alternative test in order to learn the circulation of the Flavivirus genus in a certain area.

Age-related seroprevalence study for St. Louis encephalitis in a population from Cordoba, Argentina

A serological screening was performed in 615 individuals aged 0-87 years, living in the city of Cordoba, Argentina to study the relationship between antibody prevalence for the SLE virus and age. A 13.98% prevalence of neutralizing antibodies was obtained and its relation to age was significantly high (p = 0.045). The highest seroprevalence was noted on individuals over 60 years old (>20%), whereas no subject under 10 was seropositive for this virus. Our results confirm that the agent is endemic in this area and neurological pathology studies should be performed on those individuals aged 60 since they represent the most susceptible group to SLE virus.

Comparative study of the fecundity and fertility of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) and Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) in a laboratory through self-fertilization and cross-fertilization

The aim of this study was to compare the fecundity and fertility of B. glabrata and B. straminea by cross- and self-fertilization. To attain this objective, laboratory-raised strains of B. glabrata and B. straminea were used. The former originated from natural breeding grounds in the municipality Paulista, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The latter originated from irrigation ditches in the municipality of Petrolândia, in the same state. Snail populations of B. glabrata and B. straminea were maintained for 240 days in laboratory. Their fecundity was evaluated by noting the number of egg-masses, eggs and eggs per mass. Their fertility was evaluated by the number of viable eggs and the hatching rate. B. straminea was markedly more fecund than B. glabrata through cross- and self-fertilization, namely: greater egg-mass; higher egg production and more eggs per mass. Regarding fertility, there seemed to be no preferential period for occlusion to occur or a trend in the rhythm of producing viable eggs.

St. Louis encephalitis vírus: first isolation from a human in São Paulo state, Brasil

This paper reports the isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) from a febrile human case suspected to be dengue, in São Pedro, São Paulo State. A MAC-ELISA done on the patient's acute and convalescent sera was inconclusive and hemagglutination inhibition test detected IgG antibody for flaviviruses. An indirect immunofluorescent assay done on the C6/36 cell culture inoculated with the acute serum was positive for flaviviruses but negative when tested with dengue monoclonal antibodies. RNA extracted from the infected cell culture supernatant was amplified by RT-PCR in the presence of NS5 universal flavivirus primers and directly sequenced. Results of BLAST search indicated that this sequence shares 93% nucleotide similarity with the sequence of SLEV (strain-MSI.7), confirmed by RT-PCR performed with SLEV specific primers. Since SLEV was identified as the cause of human disease, it is necessary to improve surveillance in order to achieve early detection of this agent in the state of São Paulo and in Brazil. This finding is also an alert to health professionals about the need for more complete clinical and epidemiological investigations of febrile illnesses as in the reported case. SLEV infections can be unrecognized or confused with other ones caused by an arbovirus, such as dengue.

SAINT LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN MATO GROSSO, CENTRAL-WESTERN BRAZIL

The dengue virus (DENV), which is frequently involved in large epidemics, and the yellow fever virus (YFV), which is responsible for sporadic sylvatic outbreaks, are considered the most important flaviviruses circulating in Brazil. Because of that, laboratorial diagnosis of acute undifferentiated febrile illness during epidemic periods is frequently directed towards these viruses, which may eventually hinder the detection of other circulating flaviviruses, including the Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), which is widely dispersed across the Americas. The aim of this study was to conduct a molecular investigation of 11 flaviviruses using 604 serum samples obtained from patients during a large dengue fever outbreak in the state of Mato Grosso (MT) between 2011 and 2012. Simultaneously, 3,433 female Culex spp. collected with Nasci aspirators in the city of Cuiabá, MT, in 2013, and allocated to 409 pools containing 1-10 mosquitoes, were also tested by multiplex semi-nested reverse transcription PCR for the same flaviviruses. SLEV was detected in three patients co-infected with DENV-4 from the cities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande. One of them was a triple co-infection with DENV-1. None of them mentioned recent travel or access to sylvatic/rural regions, indicating that transmission might have occurred within the metropolitan area. Regarding mosquito samples, one pool containing one Culex quinquefasciatus female was positive for SLEV, with a minimum infection rate (MIR) of 0.29 per 1000 specimens of this species. Phylogenetic analysis indicates both human and mosquito SLEV cluster, with isolates from genotype V-A obtained from animals in the Amazon region, in the state of Pará. This is the first report of SLEV molecular identification in MT.

Contribuição ao conhecimento do Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) e do Triatoma pseudomaculata Correia e Espínola, 1964 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

O reconhecimento das espécies Triatoma maculata (Erichson, 1848) e Triatoma pseudomaculata (Correia e Espínola, 1964), tem sido e continua sendo objeto de muita controvérsia. Essas espécies foram também confundidas pelo autor durante algum tempo. Possivelmente, a razão dessa confusão está na precária descrição de certas estruturas dessas espécies, de modo que não se pode ter certeza de sua distribuição no Brasil. Um estudo comparativo cuidadoso envolvendo ambas as espécies está aqui relatado e concluiu-se que é o T. pseudomaculata e não o T. maculata que está sendo encontrado nos Estados do Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Goiás e Distrito Federal - Brasília.

Comparação da capacidade ovipositora de Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), Biomphalaria tenagophila (D'Orbigni, 1835) e Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848), mantidas em laboratório

O autor comparou a capacidade ovipositora de 3 espécies de Planorbidae, Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila e B. straminea, durante um período de 30 dias, compreendidos entre os meses de Março e Abril de 1978. Registrou-se diariamente o número de ovos e desovas, referentes a 20 exemplares de cada espécie em questão. A análise estatística dos dados obtidos revelou que os exemplares de B. glabrata apresentaram maior capacidade ovipositora que as outras duas espécies em questão. A menor capacidade ovipositora foi atribuída à espécie B. tenagophila.

Serological evidence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus in free-ranging New World monkeys and horses within the upper Paraná River basin region, Southern Brazil

Introduction Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) primarily occurs in the Americas and produces disease predominantly in humans. This study investigated the serological presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. Methods From June 2004 to December 2005, sera from 133 monkeys (Alouatta caraya, n=43; Sapajus nigritus, n=64; Sapajus cay, n=26) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin region and 23 blood samples from farm horses were obtained and used for the serological detection of a panel of 19 arboviruses. All samples were analyzed in a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive monkey samples were confirmed in a mouse neutralization test (MNT). Additionally, all blood samples were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture for viral isolation. Results Positive seroreactivity was only observed for SLEV. A prevalence of SLEV antibodies in sera was detected in Alouatta caraya (11.6%; 5/43), Sapajus nigritus (12.5%; 8/64), and S. cay (30.8%; 8/26) monkeys with the HI assay. Of the monkeys, 2.3% (1/42) of A. caraya, 6.3% 94/64) of S. nigritus, and 15.4% (4/26) of S. cay were positive for SLEV in the MNT. Additionally, SLEV antibodies were detected by HI in 39.1% (9/23) of the horses evaluated in this study. Arboviruses were not isolated from any blood sample. Conclusions These results confirmed the presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. These findings most likely represent the first detection of this virus in nonhuman primates beyond the Amazon region. The detection of SLEV in animals within a geographical region distant from the Amazon basin suggests that there may be widespread and undiagnosed dissemination of this disease in Brazil.