Soroepidemiologia da tripanosomíase americana na região do litoral sul, São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Analisar dados de reações sorológicas realizadas em dois períodos, entre fins da década de 1960 e o ano de 1983, quando a sorologia passou a complementar a informação sobre triatomíneos vetores do Estado de São Paulo e, de 1984 até 1999, caracterizando o panorama atual da endemia nessa região. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas análises soroepidemiológicas de reações, obtidas em inquéritos escolares (fins da década de 1960 e entre 1973 e 1983), em inquéritos populacionais em Cananéia, Iguape e Peruíbe (entre 1980 e 1982) e em moradores de unidades domiciliares. Os resultados da análise foram associados a informações obtidas sobre os vetores encontrados. RESULTADOS: Manteve-se a sororreatividade entre escolares em patamares baixos, porém constantes, ao longo dos anos 1973 a 1982, tornando-se nulos em 1983. A curva de freqüência de distribuição de títulos demonstrou um padrão típico de área negativa no município de Cananéia e de baixa endemicidade nos demais. A investigação de casos revelou predominância de importados e, quando autóctones, sugestivos de transmissão oral. Foram observadas 1.261 unidades domiciliares com relato de presença de triatomíneos vetores (principais espécies: Panstrongylus megistus e Triatoma tibiamaculata), com um total de 5.338 amostras de sangue colhidas e 40 sororreagentes (0,75%). Exemplares adultos predominaram no intradomicílio e cerca da metade deles sem ingesta de sangue humano. Não foi observada diferença entre resultados de sorologia em moradores de casas com triatomíneos infectados e não infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram ser necessário desenvolver um trabalho integrado entre instituições, que permita o isolamento e estudos de cepas e de isolados de tripanosomatídeos presentes em vetores, reservatórios (domésticos ou não) e humanos, com o objetivo de observar a interação dos pontos de vista evolutivo, de patogenia e de ecologia, de eventuais diferentes linhagens.

Reliability of a questionnaire on substance use among adolescent students, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze reliability of a self-applied questionnaire on substance use and misuse among adolescent students. METHODS: Two cross-sectional studies were carried out for the instrument test-retest. The sample comprised male and female students aged 1119 years from public and private schools (elementary, middle, and high school students) in the city of Salvador, Northeastern Brazil, in 2006. A total of 591 questionnaires were applied in the test and 467 in the retest. Descriptive statistics, the Kappa index, Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation were estimated. RESULTS: The prevalence of substance use/misuse was similar in both test and retest. Sociodemographic variables showed a "moderate" to "almost perfect" agreement for the Kappa index, and a "satisfactory" (>0.75) consistency for Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation. The age which psychoactive substances (tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis) were first used and chronological age were similar in both studies. Test-retest reliability was found to be a good indicator of students' age of initiation and their patterns of substance use. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire reliability was found to be satisfactory in the population studied.

Eficiência do diagnóstico coproscópico de Schistosoma mansoni em fezes prensadas

A eficácia do controle da esquistossomose depende em grande parte da sensibilidade da coproscopia. Passamos a utilizar, além da técnica de Kato-Katz, a de prensagem de fezes entre lâmina e lamínula de polipropileno, segundo Ferreira. De 1.282 amostras fecais colhidas entre 1998 e 2000 no Bairro da Palha, Município de Bananal, São Paulo, Brasil, 105 (8,2%) resultaram positivas. A primeira técnica revelou 90 (7%) e a segunda, 88 (6,9%) amostras positivas. Os resultados concordaram, segundo a estatística kappa. Valores baixos de percentagens de positivos e de opg (ovos por grama) de fezes, em Bananal, demandaram aumento do volume de material a examinar. Além de permitir a observação da viabilidade dos ovos de Schistosoma mansoni, a segunda técnica dispensa o uso de glicerina, de placa medidora e de tamisação; esta última, responsável por ulterior perda de precisão nas determinações de opg.

Efeitos das mudanças do uso da terra na biogeoquímica dos corpos d'água da bacia do rio Ji-Paraná, Rondônia

Este trabalho discute os efeitos das mudanças do uso do solo na biogequímica dos rios da bacia de drenagem do rio Ji-Paraná (Rondônia). Nesta região, a distribuição espacial do desmatamento e das propriedades do solo resultam em sinais diferentes, possibilitando a divisão dos sistemas fluviais em três grupos: rios com águas pobres em íons e baixo impacto; rios com conteúdo iônico intermediário e impacto médio e rios com elevados conteúdo iônico e impacto antropogênico. As características biogeoquímicas dos rios têm relação significativa com a área de pasto, melhor parâmetro para prever a condutividade elétrica (r² = 0,87) e as concentrações de sódio (r² = 0,75), cloreto (r² = 0,69), potássio (r² = 0,63), fosfato (r² = 0.78), nitrogênio inorgânico (r² = 0.52), carbono inorgânico (r² = 0.81) e carbono orgânico (rain ² = 0.51) dissolvidos. Cálcio e magnésio tiveram sua variância explicada pelas características do solo e pastagem. Nossos resultados indicam que as mudanças observadas na micro-escala constituem "sinais biogeoquímicos" gerados pelo processamento do material nas margens dos rios. A medida em que os rios evoluem para ordens superiores, os sinais persistentes nos canais fluviais estão mais associdados às características da bacia de drenagem (solos e uso da terra). Apesar dos efeitos das mudanças observadas no uso do solo não serem ainda detectáveis na macro-escala (bacia amazônica), a disrupção da estrutura e funcionamento dos ecossistemas é detectável nas micro e meso escalas, com alterações significativas na ciclagem de nutrientes nos ecossistemas fluviais.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in Bananal (State of São Paulo, Brazil): IV. Study on the public awareness of its risks in the Palha District

A rather high prevalence of mansoni schistosomiasis has been observed in some localities of Bananal, State of São Paulo, during the past decade. The highest prevalence of schistosomiasis was found in the Palha District; it was thus considered adequate for an evaluation of public awareness of the risks involved in acquiring schistosomiasis, a likely outcome of certain behavior patterns. We interviewed 542 district-dwellers. The 5-to-39 age-group constituted 65.5% of the whole sample. Concerning the infection, 69.2% had hearsay information; 46.1% know the infection; 69.6% know how it is acquired; 31.5% know about the symptoms and 57.1% know what can be done to avoid infection; 17.7% declared to have acquired the infection at least once in their lifetime; 62.3% reported total or partial immersion in collections of water of Bananal, once or twice a week, 53.9% of these for bathing or fishing. Although most (91.7%) households have treated running water, are connected to the sewage network or have septic tanks, 9% of the people interviewed use to defecate on the field. It became clear that the educational messages aimed at this population had not been adequate, having failed to fulfil any expectations. The local people received only piecemeal and subjective information about their problem. The control of schistosomiasis requires an integrated practice, which includes the analysis of macro-determinant factors, such as basic sanitation, habitation, education and health care. In short, we require a multidisciplinary vision of the mechanisms of transmission of the infection, which depends upon adequate planning and well trained personnel, intent on their educational work, to attain satisfactory results.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in Bananal (State of São Paulo, Brazil): III. Seroepidemiological studies in the Palha District

The Palha district, municipality of Bananal, State of São Paulo, Brazil, had 10.3% cases of Schistosoma mansoni diagnosed from 1994 to 2000 by coproscopy: about three times the municipality average. The immunofluorescent antibody test was used to assess gut-associated IgM antibody titers of samples from 452 inhabitants. It disclosed 129 (28.5%) positive cases. Subjects were classified according to age, sex, birthplace, and period of residence. Titers varied from 8 to 4,096 (geometric mean: 170.2). Seropositives were aged from 6 to 69 years (average: 24.5), 75% of them aged 34 or less, predominantly males (78 or 60.5%). Of all subjects, 65.7% were born and had been living in Bananal since; 24.2% came from neighboring municipalities and are residing in Bananal from two months to 89 years (average: 22.7 years). Further Kato-Katz coproscopy from 97 seropositives (geometric mean titer, 619) revealed S. mansoni eggs in 11 subjects (11.3%). Serology was deemed useful in screening subjects to be further investigated by coproscopy, considering that blood collection had better acceptance than supplying fecal samples. Higher than average serological titers may indicate new cases in endemic areas. Longitudinal studies associated with epidemiological investigation, including titer evolution are advised, as isolated data are difficult to interpret.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in Bananal (State of São Paulo, Brazil): II. Intermediate hosts

We conducted monthly snail captures in Bananal, State of São Paulo, Brazil, between March 1998 and February 2001, to identify Schistosoma mansoni vectors, estimate seasonal population changes, and delimit foci. We also evaluated the impact of improvements in city water supply and basic sanitation facilities. We identified 28,651 vector specimens, 28,438 as Biomphalaria tenagophila, 49 of them (0.2%) infected with S. mansoni, and 213 as B. straminea, none of the latter infected. Vectors predominated in water bodies having some vegetation along their banks. Neither population density nor local vegetation could be linked to vector infection. We found the first infected snails in 1998 (from March to May). Further captures of infected snails ocurred, without exception, from July to December, when rainfall was least. Irrespective of season, overall temperature ranged from 16.5ºC to 21ºC; pH values, from 6.0 to 6.8. Neither factor was associated with snail population density. Frequent contact of people with the river result from wading across it, extracting sand from its bottom, fishing, washing animals, etc. Despite a marked reduction in contamination, cercaria shedding persists. Whatever the location along its urban course, contact with river Bananal, particularly of the unprotected skin, entails risks of infection.

Schistosomiasis mansoni in Bananal (State of São Paulo, Brazil): I. Efficiency of diagnostic and treatment procedures

Bananal is an important focus of Schistosoma mansoni in the State of São Paulo. Accordingly, programmed active search for human cases, annual coproscopic surveys and treatment of infected cases were started in 1998, aiming at producing a sharp prevalence rate drop by the year 2000. S. mansoni eggs were searched for in two Kato-Katz slides per patient. Cases were followed up according to the routine of the local Family Health Program. In 1998, 130 samples out of 3,860 showed S. mansoni eggs; in 1999, 105 out of 3,550, and in 2000, 64 out of 3,528. Prevalence rates were 3.4%, 2.9%, and 1.8%, and average egg-counts 59, 64, and 79 eggs per gram of feces respectively. Prevalence rates decreased steadily after treatment, but persistently positive cases showed no significant decrease in parasite burdens. Egg count variation depended on sex and age bracket. Persistent residual cases admittedly preclude the eradication of this infection by only searching for and treating carriers. In addition, resistance to therapy and low sensitivity of fecal examinations, can not be ignored. Moderate to heavy worm burdens, frequently associated with hepatomegaly elsewhere, produced no serious cases in Bananal.

Formação do eu professor na abordagem Walloniana*

RESUMO Objetivos Analisar como o professor percebe a construção de seu Eu Professor na perspectiva de Wallon e conhecer como vivencia seu cotidiano na escola na condição de ser o si mesmo e o outro. Método Estudo qualitativo que contou com 13 participantes atuantes no Curso Bacharelado em Enfermagem. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 2013, por meio de entrevistas submetidas à análise temática. Resultados Emergiram três categorias: Construção do Eu Professor; Viver o cotidiano apoiado em si mesmo e no outro; e Componentes da construção do Eu Professor, com destaque para a conscientização e valorização de si mesmo e do outro, edificando a construção do Eu Professor. Conclusão Os professores percorreram uma trajetória na qual permitiu reconhecer o si mesmo em diferentes movimentos da internalização do Eu.

Aneurisma venoso na junção esplenomesentérica e emergência da veia porta: relato de caso

Os aneurismas no sistema esplenoportomesentérico são uma entidade clínica rara e de etiologia desconhecida, tendo como fatores contribuintes hipertensão portal, doença hepática crônica e trauma, entre outros. Os autores apresentam os achados de imagem de um caso de aneurisma na junção esplenomesentérica ao nível da emergência da veia porta, em uma paciente de 62 anos de idade sem fatores predisponentes.

Reproductive ecology of the exotic tree Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae) in southeastern Brazil

The exotic tree Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae), a species native to Central America, is used as fish feed and fiber and cellulose production in Brazil. This study was carried out in urban areas and verified the reproductive biology of this plant species. Flower and fruit morphology, compatibility system, reproductive phenology, pollination and frugivore animals, and germination of disseminated seeds were recorded by standard field and laboratory procedures. This tree is self-compatible and autonomously self-pollinated, with its flowers being mainly visited by bees and its fruits consumed by birds and bats. Germination of its dispersed seeds is fast and occurs at a high rate. The results of this work suggest that M. calabura is very adaptable to cultivated areas,thus being an excellent choice for urban reforestation. However, its reproductive characteristics place this plant as an invasive species with significant potential in southeastern Brazil.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in men with liver cirrhosis before and after liver transplantation

Objective: To evaluate the influence of end-stage liver disease and orthotopic liver transplantation in the pituitary function and hormone metabolism before and after liver transplantation.Methods: In a prospective study, serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and prolactin (PRL) of 30 male patients with cirrhosis were determined two to four hours before and six months after liver transplantation. The results were compared according to the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD).Results: male patients with liver cirrhosis have hypogonadism. FSH was normal, but inappropriately low due to androgen failure; E2 and PRL, on their turn, were high. After liver transplantation, FSH and LH levels increased (p < 0.05), whereas E2 and PRL normalized (p < 0.05). The MELD score did not influence changes in FSH, PRL and LH, however, the more severe the cirrhosis was, the more significant was the normalization of E2 (p = 0.01).Conclusion: Patients with cirrhosis and male hypogonadism have inappropriately normal levels of FSH and LH, associated with an increase in E2 and LRP. After liver transplantation, FSH and LH increased, while E2 and PRL returned to normal. Changes in E2 levels were most pronounced in patients with MELD > 18. The severity of cirrhosis had no influence on FSH, PRL and LH.

Isótopos estáveis e produção de bebidas: de onde vem o carbono que consumimos?

A composição isotópica do carbono (delta13C) foi utilizada na determinação da origem botânica (C3 x C4) de amostras de café, vinho, cerveja e vodka, de diferentes marcas e procedências, comercializadas no Brasil. Dentre as marcas de café analisadas, apenas uma apresentou um elevado percentual de plantas C4 em sua composição, evidenciado pelo valor de delta13C (-16,2‰). Os valores de delta13C das amostras de vinhos brasileiros, variaram entre -25,1 e -17,1‰, indicando a presença de carbono de origem C4 nas amostras que tiveram os maiores valores de delta13C. Duas marcas de vinhos importados, por sua vez, apresentaram delta13C característico de planta C3 (-27,1 e -26,3‰). Os valores de delta13C das vodkas importadas variaram entre -26,4 e -23,9‰, e as brasileiras entre -12,8 e -11,8‰, excetuando-se uma marca que apresentou valor -23,1‰. As marcas de cervejas importadas, em sua maioria, apresentaram valores mais negativos (-27,3 a -20,7‰) que as nacionais (-25,9 a -18,4‰). Estes resultados evidenciam a eficiência desta metodologia na determinação da origem do C e percentual de mistura destas bebidas.