Possible influence of the ENSO phenomenon on the pathoecology of diphyllobothriasis and anisakiasis in ancient Chinchorro populations

Current clinical data show a clear relationship between the zoonosis rates of Diphyllobothrium pacificum and Anisakis caused by the El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) phenomenon along the Chilean coast. These parasites are endemic to the region and have a specific habitat distribution. D. pacificum prefers the warmer waters in the northern coast, while Anisakis prefers the colder waters of Southern Chile. The ENSO phenomenon causes a drastic inversion in the seawater temperatures in this region, modifying both the cool nutrient-rich seawater and the local ecology. This causes a latitudinal shift in marine parasite distribution and prevalence, as well as drastic environmental changes. The abundance of human mummies and archaeological coastal sites in the Atacama Desert provides an excellent model to test the ENSO impact on antiquity. We review the clinical and archaeological literature debating to what extent these parasites affected the health of the Chinchorros, the earliest settlers of this region. We hypothesise the Chinchorro and their descendants were affected by this natural and cyclical ENSO phenomenon and should therefore present fluctuating rates of D. pacificum and Anisakis infestations.

Surto de peste bubônica na localidade de Jacocha, Huancabamba, Perú

As alterações climáticas produzidas no norte do Perú devidas ao Fenômeno El Niño (ENSO), ocasionaram variações no volume das safras, redistribuição do curso dos rios e provavelmente aumento da população de roedores. Em fevereiro de 1999, em uma comunidade indígena em Jacocha, Huancabamba, na serra de Piura, Perú, surgiu um surto de peste com cinco casos humanos, um dos quais faleceu. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela sorologia (hemaglutinação passiva). A presença de anticorpos em cães de localidades próximas de Jacocha confirmaram a circulação da Yersinia pestis na área. O surto foi debelado pela rápida atuação das autoridades sanitárias locais. O episódio após silêncio epidemiológico por mais de quatro anos, mostrou a necessidade de reforçar o sistema de vigilância epidemiológica de peste nesta área.

On the influences of the El Niño, La niña and Atlantic Dipole Paterni on the Amazonian Rainfall during 1960-1998

The influence of the large-scale climatic variability dominant modes in the Pacific and in the Atlantic on Amazonian rainfall is investigated. The composite technique of the Amazon precipitation anomalies is used in this work. The basis years for these composites arc those in the period 1960-1998 with occurrences of extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and the north/south warm (or cold) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies dipole pattern in the tropical Atlantic. Warm (cold) dipole means positive (negative) anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic and negative (positive) anomalies in the tropical South Atlantic. Austral summer and autumn composites for extremes in the Southern Oscillation (El Niño or La Niña) and independently for north/south dipole pattern (warm or cold) of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic present values (magnitude and sign) consistent with those found in previous works on the relationship between Amazon rainfall variations and the SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic. However, austral summer and autumn composites for the years with simultaneous occurrences of El Niño and warm north/south dipole of the SST anomalies in the tropical Atlantic show negative precipitation anomalies extending eastward over the center-eastern Amazon. This result indicates the important role played by the tropical Atlantic in the Amazon anomalous rainfall distribution.

Cephalopoda as prey of juvenile Southern elephant seals at Isla 25 de Mayo/King George, South Shetland Islands

The aim of the present study was to enhance the knowledge of the feeding habits of the juvenile component of the population of Southern elephant seals [Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758)] from Isla 25 de Mayo, South Shetland Islands, age class whose diet information is scarce. A total of 60 individuals were stomach lavaged in the spring - summer seasons of three consecutive years (2003, 2004 and 2005) of which 53.3 % (n = 32) presented food remnants. The Antarctic glacial squid Psychroteuthis glacialis Thiele, 1921 was the dominant prey taxon in terms of frequency of occurrence (68.7%), numerical abundance (60.1%) and biomass (51.5%), contributing 84.1% to the total relative importance index. Other squid prey species of importance were Slosarczykovia circumantartica Lipinski, 2001 in terms of occurrence (37.5%) and numerical abundance (14%) and Moroteuthis knipovitchi Filippova, 1972 in terms of biomass (16%). All identified cephalopod prey taxa are distributed south of the Antarctic Polar Front, except for the squid Martialia hyadesi Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889 which has a circumpolar distribution associated to the Polar Frontal Zone. No significant differences in the sizes of P. glacialis preyed upon by elephant seals were found between sexes and years. However, significant interannual differences were found in the taxonomical composition of their diet. This would be associated with temporal changes in food availability at the foraging areas of seals, which in turn may have been influenced by changes in oceanographic conditions as a result of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon that occurred during part of the study period. Furthermore, a differential response of males and females to this temporal variation was observed, with the former being also associated to a predation on octopods. This would suggest a sexual segregation in foraging habits of this species from the early stages of its life cycle.

Sexualidade no período climatérico: situações vivenciadas pela mulher

Estudo de caráter descritivo,com o objetivo de identificar os aspectos que as mulheres atendidas em um Serviço de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia consideram como positivos e negativos no exercício de sua sexualidade, na fase do climatério. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista individual, utilizando-se da técnica de incidentes críticos. As 45 mulheres entrevistadas mencionaram 86 situações, sendo 41 (47,7%) consideradas positivas e 45 (52,3%) negativas. As situações foram classificadas em três categorias: relacionamento a dois, ato sexual e mulher - ser social. Os resultados evidenciaram que elas priorizam a valorização da qualidade do relacionamento e da manifestação da emoção no contexto romântico. Destacaram a insatisfação com a auto-imagem e a presença da dominação sexual do homem sobre a mulher. O estudo possibilitou uma compre-ensão mais abrangente sobre o climatério, oferecendo subsídios para a assistência à saúde da mulher contemplando a dimensão sexual.