(Des)fetichização do produtivismo acadêmico: desafios para o trabalhador-pesquisador

O trabalhador-pesquisador reclama fazer mais do que quer ou pode. Critica, porém acata. Análises sobre produtivismo acadêmico responsabilizam, não sem razão, organismos internacionais e nacionais e o sistema vigente. Observam-se, no entanto, mudanças escassas e resignação. Examinamos neste trabalho como se estruturou, a partir do século XIX, a complexa engenharia social que comanda o mundo, com a sobreposição de processos históricos de longa duração e decisivos no Ocidente. Destaca-se o surgimento das ciências humanas e sociais e seus compromissos cedo selados com governos e homens de negócio. A eleição de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia como centrais para promover progresso econômico e social reduziram a Universidade, predominantemente, à executora e refém, não autônoma. Enquanto é o capital que precisa do conhecimento gerado pelos trabalhadores-pesquisadores para reproduzir-se, estes vivenciam a intensificação e alienação do seu trabalho; tal dependência aponta para o desafio de exercer seu poder.

A gestão do desenvolvimento local no Brasil: (des)articulação de atores, instrumentos e território

As ideias de desenvolvimento local são controversas, pouco consensuadas e, às vezes, até antagônicas entre si, tanto no Brasil quanto no debate internacional. Diante dessa polêmica, este artigo discute a gestão do desenvolvimento local a partir de instrumentos selecionados por meio de uma análise exploratória não apenas conceitual e teórica, mas sobretudo prática. Do ponto de vista metodológico, foi realizada uma análise comparada de experiências regionalmente distribuídas, levando-se em conta suas inserções em redes sociais e seus resultados econômicos na região em que está inserida (Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste). Percebe-se que refletir sobre o desenvolvimento local desdobra-se em duas frentes: uma de reprodução da lógica capitalista em escala localizada (tradicional) e outra de tentativas contra-hegemônicas (solidária). Assim, algumas questões centrais foram identificadas para orientar uma reflexão sobre a intervenção dos atores da sociedade civil e dos governos na formulação de propostas e iniciativas de desenvolvimento econômico local.

Mercado de trabalho: múltiplos (des)entendimentos

O termo mercado de trabalho permeia grande parte das discussões da sociologia e da economia na atualidade. Porém, mesmo sendo comum encontrar textos que utilizem o termo buscando dimensioná-lo, compreendê-lo, bem como explicar as mudanças que tem sofrido nas últimas décadas, são poucos os estudos que desenvolvem uma reflexão teórica do conceito e que destacam a vertente que estão seguindo. No presente trabalho busca-se analisar o conceito de mercado de trabalho em diferentes perspectivas da economia e a sociologia, a fim de aprofundar a discussão sobre o tema. Para tanto, procura apresentar algumas das principais abordagens do termo, destacando sua vertente teórica e possíveis limitações. Da economia são consideradas as construções das teorias clássica, keynesiana e da segmentação. A seguir são expostas a abordagem das redes sociais da sociologia econômica e a abordagem institucional. A partir das reflexões sobre o potencial e as limitações de cada vertente e dos conceitos de Bourdieu, apresenta-se um conceito para ampliar a compreensão e a discussão do termo. Acredita-se que, seguindo esta abordagem, será possível ampliar o debate sobre as estruturas econômicas da atualidade. Para finalizar, fazse um esboço de como seria possível a compreensão do mercado de trabalho em tempos de mundialização.

Shiftworking families: parents' working schedule and sleep patterns of adolescents attending school in two shifts

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether parents' engagement in shift work affects the sleep habits of their adolescent children who attend school in two shifts. METHODS: The data were drawn from an extensive survey of sleep and daytime functioning of adolescents attending school one week in the morning and the other in the afternoon. The participants were 1,386 elementary and high school students (11-18 years old) whose parents were both employed. The data were analyzed using MANOVA, with parents' work schedule, adolescents' gender and type of school as between-subject factors. RESULTS: Parents' working schedule significantly affected the sleep patterns of high school adolescents. When attending school in the morning, adolescents whose parents were both day workers woke up somewhat later than adolescents with one shiftworking parent. In addition, they slept longer than adolescents whose parents were both shift workers. On weekends, adolescents whose parents both worked during the day went to bed earlier than adolescents whose parents were both shiftworkers. They also had smaller bedtime delay on weekends with respect to both morning and afternoon shifts than adolescents for whom one or both parents worked shifts. A significant interaction between parents' working schedule, adolescents' gender and type of school was found for sleep extension on weekends after afternoon shift school. CONCLUSIONS: Parental involvement in shift work has negative effects on the sleep of high school adolescents. It contributes to earlier wake-up time and shorter sleep in a week when adolescents attend school in the morning, as well as to greater bedtime irregularity.

Decision-making on childhood vaccination by highly educated parents

OBJECTIVE To analyze the sociocultural aspects involved in the decision-making process of vaccination in upper-class and highly educated families.METHODS A qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews with 15 couples from the city of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, falling into three categories: vaccinators, late or selective vaccinators, and nonvaccinators. The interpretation of produced empirical material was performed through content analysis.RESULTS The study showed diverse and particular aspects surrounding the three groups’ decisions whether to vaccinate their children. The vaccinators’ decision to vaccinate their children was spontaneous and raised no questions. Most late or selective vaccinators experienced a wide range of situations that were instrumental in the decision to delay or not apply certain vaccines. The nonvaccinator’s decision-making process expressed a broader context of both criticism of hegemonic obstetric practices in Brazil and access to information transmitted via social networks and the internet. The data showed that the problematization of vaccines (culminating in the decision to not vaccinate their children) occurred in the context of humanized birth, was protagonized by women and was greatly influenced by health information from the internet.CONCLUSIONS Sociocultural aspects of the singular Brazilian context and the contemporary society were involved in the decision-making on children’s vaccination. Understanding this process can provide a real basis for a deeper reflection on health and immunization practices in Brazil in light of the new contexts and challenges of the world today.

MODELES DES TRANSFERTS RADIATIFS A L'INTERIEUR DES COUVERTS VEGETAUX LES SOLUTIONS ANALYTIQUES

Cette étude décrit la modélisation mathématique des transferts radiatifs en milieu végétal, en focalisant l'attention sur le régime du rayonnement solaire au sein des couverts végétaux homogènes. Le rayonnement solaire est traité en quatre composantes principales: rayonnement primaire et complémentaire, chacune de ces parties étant constituée des composantes directe et diffuse. On a présenté, dans un contexte assez général, les équations différentielles ou les systèmes d'équations différentielles qui gouvernent les différents processus de interaction rayonnement-végétation, et des solutions analytiques sont proposées pour les différentes composantes.

Distribution of risk factors in parents and siblings of patients with early coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVE: Early coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with risk factors (RF). Offspring of parents with a RF have a greater prevalence of them. However, the distribution of RF in parents and siblings of patients with early CAD is unknown. METHODS: The study comprised the parents and siblings of 42 patients with early CAD (< 45 years), 29 males. Their mean age was 39.5±3.7 years. The following major RF were analyzed: smoking (> 5 cigarretes/day), hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL), hypertension (diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg), and diabetes (glycemia > 126 mg/dL). RESULTS: Of a total of 102 RF, 4, 3, 2, and 1 were observed in, respectively, 5, 15, 15, and 7 patients with early CAD, the most prevalent being smoking (86%) and hypercholesterolemia (83%). Diabetes was observed in 15 (36%) and hypertension in 16 (38%) patients. Smoking was more prevalent in the fathers (76%) and hypercholesterolemia in the mothers (30%). In 183 siblings, 131 RF were observed (1 patient with the disease had a mean of 4.7 siblings). The prevalences of smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes in the siblings were, respectively, 32%, 18%, 14%, and 9%. The incidence of RF was as follows: 72 (39%) siblings had 1 RF, 25 (14%) siblings had 2 RF, and 3 (2%) siblings had 3 RF. In parents and their offspring, smoking was moderately correlated (r=0.43; P=0.02) with CAD. CONCLUSION: Smoking habit of parents is passed on to offspring, and, in association with hypercholesterolemia, it was the major cause of early CAD in offspring. High prevalence of smoking in offspring shows the potential responsibility of parents in the incidence of the disease in offspring.