Corrosion of steel reinforced concrete in the tropical coastal atmosphere of Havana City, Cuba

The influence of chloride deposition rate on concrete using an atmospheric corrosion approach is rarely studied in the literature. Seven exposure sites were selected in Havana City, Cuba, for exposure of reinforced concrete samples. Two significantly different atmospheric corrosivity levels with respect to corrosion of steel reinforced concrete were observed after two years of exposure depending on atmospheric chloride deposition and w/c ratio of the concrete. Changes in corrosion current are related to changes in chloride penetration and chloride atmospheric deposition. The influence of sulphur compound deposition could also be a parameter to consider in atmospheric corrosion of steel reinforced concrete.

Non-linear analysis of laminated metal matrix composites by an integrated micro/macro-mechanical model

The present paper describes an integrated micro/macro mechanical study of the elastic-viscoplastic behavior of unidirectional metal matrix composites (MMC). The micromechanical analysis of the elastic moduli is based on the Composites Cylinder Assemblage model (CCA) with comparisons also draw with a Representative Unit Cell (RUC) technique. These "homogenization" techniques are later incorporated into the Vanishing Fiber Diameter (VFD) model and a new formulation is proposed. The concept of a smeared element procedure is employed in conjunction with two different versions of the Bodner and Partom elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for the associated macroscopic analysis. The formulations developed are also compared against experimental and analytical results available in the literature.

Desempenho físico-químico de metais e estruturas de concreto de redes de distribuição de energia: estudo de caso na região de Manaus

The influence of natural aging furthered by atmospheric corrosion of parts of electric transformers and materials, as well as of concrete poles and cross arms containing corrosion inhibitors was evaluated in Manaus. Results for painted materials, it could showed that loss of specular gloss was more intensive in aliphatic polyurethane points than in acrylic polyurethane ones. No corrosion was observed for metal and concrete samples until 400 days of natural aging. Corrosion in steel reinforcement was noticed in some poles, arising from manufacturing faults, such as low cement content, water/cement ratio, thin concrete cover thickness, etc. The performance of corrosion inhibitors was assessed by many techniques after natural and accelerated aging in a 3.5% saline aqueous solution. The results show the need for better chemical component selection and its concentration in the concrete mixture.

A reprodutibilidade da medida do volume endometrial por meio do VOCAL: a importância do passo de rotação

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a reprodutibilidade intra-observador e interobservador da medida do volume endometrial utilizando ultra-sonografia tridimensional (3D) e o programa VOCAL® (Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis). MÉTODOS: um bloco ultra-sonográfico 3D do endométrio foi obtido de cinco pacientes inférteis voluntárias que apresentavam diferentes volumes endometriais. Para cada bloco 3D, o volume endometrial foi calculado utilizando o modo manual em quatro diferentes passos de rotação (30º, 15º, 9º e 6º) por dois diferentes observadores. Dez medidas foram obtidas para cada rotação e por cada observador. Testamos a diferença entre as médias com o one-way ANOVA e o pós-teste de Tukey e a reprodutibilidade com os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse. RESULTADOS: as medidas realizadas com passo de rotação de 30º foram associadas a médias significativamente menores em 3 das 5 pacientes. Não houve diferença entre as médias obtidas pelos passos de rotação de 15º, 9º ou 6º. Em nenhuma das avaliações foi notada diferença entre as médias obtidas pelos dois observadores. Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse foram significativamente menores com o passo de rotação de 30º (todos abaixo de 0,984) que com os outros passos de rotação (todos acima de 0,996). CONCLUSÕES: o uso de passos de rotação de 15º ou menos apresentou medidas reprodutíveis do volume endometrial: não houve diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas pelos dois observadores, associado ao alto coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (>0,996). É recomendável o uso do passo de rotação de 15º, pois demora menos para ser obtido em comparação com 6º e 9º.

Modeling and control of multibody system with flexible appendages

The objective of this work is to describe the design and the implementation of an experiment to study the dynamics and the active control of a slewing multi-link flexible structure. The experimental apparatus was designed to be representative of a flexible space structure such as a satellite with multiple flexible appendages. In this study we describe the design procedures, the analog and digital instrumentation, the analytical modeling together with model validation studies carried out through experimental modal testing and parametric system identification studies in the frequency domain. Preliminary results of a simple positional control where the sensor and the actuator are positioned physically at the same point is also described.

The study of insect blood-feeding behaviour: 1. Feeding equipment, physical and endogenous factors, dose effect analysis, and diet destination

Experimental techniques that we have found useful during our studies of insect blood-feeding behaviour are reviewed. Some of the principal findings resulting from these techniques are discussed. Where directly applicable, the work of others is included, but no complete review of the subject has been attempted.