Multivariate analysis of pollen frequency of the native species Escallonia pulverulenta (Saxifragaceae) in Chilean honeys

The aim of this work was the identification of geographic zones suitable for the production of honeys in which pollen grains of Escallonia pulverulenta (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (Saxifragaceae) can be detected. The analysis of botanical origin of 240 honey samples produced between La Serena and Puerto Mont (the IV and X Administrative Regions of Chile), allowed the detection of pollen grains of E. pulverulenta in 46 Chilean honeys. The geographic distribution of the honeys studied is presented together with their affinities, through factor analysis and frequency tables. The study was based on the presence of E. pulverulenta pollen. Escallonia pulverulenta pollen percentages oscillated between 0.24% and 78.5%. Seventeen of the studied samples were designated as unifloral - i.e. samples showing more than 45% pollen of a determined plant species. Two of these corresponded to E. pulverulenta (corontillo, madroño or barraco) honeys. The remaining unifloral honeys correspond to 8 samples of Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr (birdsfoot trefoil), 2 samples of Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz (maqui) and 1 sample of Escallonia rubra (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (siete camisas), Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. (ulmo or muemo), Weinmannia trichosperma Cav. (tineo), Rubus ulmifolius Schott (blackberry) and Brassica rapa L. (turnip). Honeys with different percentages of E. pulverulenta pollen - statistically analyzed through correspondence analysis - could be associated and assigned to one of three geographic types, defined on the basis of this analysis. The geographical type areas defined were the Northern Mediterranean Zone (samples from the IV Region), Central Mediterranean Zone (samples from the V to the VIII regions including two samples of unifloral Escallonia pulverulenta honey), and Southern Mediterranean Zone (samples from the IX Region).

I - Ocorrência das domácias nas angiospermas

Do estudo pormenorizado que fizemos em tão copioso material, assinalamos a presença de domácias em 42 espécies distintas, distribuidas entre 28 famílias pertencentes às Angiospermas. Cumpre salientar que registramos a ocorrência desses pequeninos órgãos nas fôlhas, tanto de árvores e arbustos, como de trepadeiras e plantas de pequeno porte. As domácias foram assinaladas não só na inserção das nervuras de 1.ª e 2.ª ordem, que é o caso mais comum, como também sôbre a nervura principal e na superfície do limbo, bem próximo aos bordos da fôlha, constituindo nesse último caso, novos tipos por nós discutidos em trabalho à parte. Registramos, pela primeira vêz, mais 17 famílias novas entre as plantas acarófilas. Relacionamos por ordem alfabética as famílias cujas espécies apresentavam domácias, assim como os nomes das plantas, o tipo e localização das domácias, etc., empregando a Classificação de CHEVALIER E CHESNAIS (1941). Os tipos de domácias catalogados distribuim-se entre as famílias da seguinte maneira: a) Domácias em "tufo de pêlos" - encontradas em plantas das seguintes famílias: Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, Caricaceae, Caryocaraceae, Dilleniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Juglandaceae, Leguminosae, Meliaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Onagraceae, Oxalidaceae, Phytolacaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapindaceae, Saxifragaceae e Verbenaceae. b) Domácias "em fenda" - encontradas nas famílias: Lauraceae, Marcgraviaceae e Meliaceae. c) Domácias "em bolsa" - registradas nas seguintes famílias: Amaranthaceae, Anonaceae, Bignoniaceae, Labiatae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Lythraceae, Moraceae, Nyctaginaceae e Vitaceae. d) Alguns tipos de domácias - encontrados nas famílias: Anacardiaceae, Onagraceae, Oxalidaceae, Apocynaceae, Caricaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Meliaceae e Leguminosae.

Identification and characterization of a Hydrangea ringspot virus isolate infecting hydrangea in São Paulo State

Hydrangea plants showing leaves with chlorotic and necrotic rings from Arujá Municipality, São Paulo State, were analyzed for the identification of the viral species. Elongated filamentous particles of 490 nm were visualized under transmission electron microscope. Oligonucleotides for Hydrangea ringspot virus (HdRSV), a potexvirus commonly found in Europe and in the United States, were tested using total RNA from hydrangea plants, amplifying two fragments, one around 550 and another one of 250 nucleotides. Nucleotide identity with HdRSV (accession number AJ 707100.1) was 96% and 88% for the longest and shortest fragment, respectively, indicating the presence of this virus. To evaluate its dissemination in the matrices of hydrangea used in the commercial production, 17 samples were collected in the region of Arujá, and eight were infected by HdRSV. For the analyzed viral replicase portion, the isolates from the varieties 'Azul LZR', 'Rosita', 'Renat Blue' and 'Vermelho Comum' did not differ in their amino acid sequences from isolates with sequences deposited in the GenBank (accession numbers AY 707100 and NC_006943). The isolates from 'Azul Rendado' and "Rosa Japonesa' showed few differences but were related to the remaining isolates. An antiserum was obtained for HdRSV and can be efficiently used to detect such virus in hydrangea and Primula malacoides, another ornamental plant also infected by HdRSV.