Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi

Sapindus mukorossi is an extremely valuable medicinal plant, distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia. The aim of present review is to form a short compilation of the phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of this multipurpose tree. The main phytoconstituents isolated and identified from different parts of this plant are triterpenoidal saponins of oleanane, dammarane and tirucullane type. The structure and chemical names of all the types of triterpenoidal saponins reported in Sapindus mukorossi are included in this review. Many research studies have been conducted to prove the plant's potential as being spermicidal, contraceptive, hepatoprotective, emetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-protozoal. The present review highlights some of the salient pharmacological uses of Sapindus mukorossi.

Candida albicans PROTEIN PROFILE CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO THE BUTANOLIC EXTRACT OF Sapindus saponariaL.

Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that is capable of causing superficial and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. Extracts of Sapindus saponaria have been used as antimicrobial agents against various organisms. In the present study, we used a combination of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to identify the changes in protein abundance of C. albicans after exposure to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) of the butanolic extract (BUTE) of S. saponaria and also to fluconazole. A total of six different proteins with greater than 1.5 fold induction or repression relative to the untreated control cells were identified among the three treatments. In general, proteins/enzymes involved with the glycolysis (GPM1, ENO1, FBA1), amino acid metabolism (ILV5, PDC11) and protein synthesis (ASC1) pathways were detected. In conclusion, our findings reveal antifungal-induced changes in protein abundance of C. albicans. By using the previously identified components of the BUTE of S. saponaria(e.g., saponins and sesquiterpene oligoglycosides), it will be possible to compare the behavior of compounds with unknown mechanisms of action, and this knowledge will help to focus the subsequent biochemical work aimed at defining the effects of these compounds.

Larvicidal potential of Sapindus saponaria to control the cattle tick Boophilus microplus

The objective of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal potential of a crude ethanol extract (CEE) of soapberry Sapindus saponaria stem peel on the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Tick larvae obtained by incubating engorged females, collected from naturally infested cattle, were placed in envelopes of filter paper impregnated with different concentrations of CEE in the test group, and distilled water in the control group. Four repetitions were made with each solution (n>120). Mortality was observed after 48 hours. Lethal concentration values of 1,258 ppm (LC50) and 6,360 ppm (LC99) were obtained.

Efeito alelopático do fruto de Sapindus saponaria na germinação e na morfologia de plântulas daninhas e de hortaliças

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de frutos de Sapindus saponaria (sabão-de-soldado) na germinação de diásporos e na morfologia de plântulas de Lactuca sativa (alface), Allium cepa (cebola), Echinochloa crus-galli (capim-arroz) e Ipomoea grandifolia (corda-de-viola). O extrato aquoso dos frutos foi preparado na proporção de 100 g de material vegetal fresco para 1.000 mL de água destilada, produzindo-se a concentração de 10%. A partir dele, foram feitas diluições em água destilada para 7,5, 5,0 e 2,5%. O extrato do fruto Sapindus saponaria evidenciou potencialidades alelopáticas tanto sobre as espécies de hortaliças quanto sobre as de plantas daninhas. O efeito inibitório sobre o processo de germinação dos diásporos e morfologia das plântulas de alface, cebola, capim-arroz e corda-de-viola foi dependente da concentração. Os resultados mostram o potencial do extrato proveniente dos frutos de Sapindus saponaria como um herbicida a ser utilizado em práticas de agricultura sustentável.

Allelopathic interference of Sapindus saponaria root and mature leaf aqueous extracts on diaspore germination and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa

Sapindus saponaria (soapberry) is a species that presents a great diversity of chemical compounds, such as saponins; however, few studies have examined the allelopathic effect of this species. Therefore, this study provides an evaluation of the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of the roots and mature leaves of S. saponaria on the germination of diaspores and seedlings growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and onion (Allium cepa). The aqueous extract was prepared in the proportion of 100 g of dry plant material in 1,000 mL of distilled water (a concentration of 10% w v-1), and diluted with distilled water to 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5% concentrations. The mature leaf extracts caused delay and decrease in the germination process of the lettuce and onion diaspores, with inhibitory effect concentration-dependent, while the root extracts showed no allelopathic effects on the germination process. Both extracts caused abnormalities and inhibited the growth of shoot and root seedlings.

Effect of Sapindus trifoliatus on hyperalgesic in vivo migraine models

Phytotherapies have offered alternative sources of therapy for migraine and gained much importance in prophylactic treatment. Sapindus trifoliatus is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing wild in south India that belongs to the family Sapindaceae. The pericarp is reported for various medicinal properties. A thick aqueous solution of the pericarp is used for the treatment of hemicrania, hysteria or epilepsy in folklore medicine. We have investigated the antihyperalgesic effects of the lyophilized aqueous extract of S. trifoliatus in animal models predictive of experimental migraine models using morphine withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia on the hot-plate test and on 0.3% acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in adult male Swiss albino mice. The extract significantly (N = 10, P < 0.05) increased the licking latency in the hot-plate test when administered ip at 10 mg/kg (6.70 ± 0.39 s in saline control vs 18.76 ± 0.96 s in S. trifoliatus-treated animals) and significantly (N = 10, P < 0.001) reduced the abdominal constrictions when administered ip at 2 and 10 mg/kg (40.20 ± 1.36 in saline control vs 30.20 ± 1.33 and 23.00 ± 0.98 for 2 and 10 mg/kg, ip, respectively, in S. trifoliatus-treated animals). Furthermore, when administered ip at 20 and 100 mg/kg, the extract significantly (N = 10, P < 0.05) inhibited the apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in mice (climbing duration 15.75 ± 5.0 min for saline control vs 11.4 ± 1.28 and 3.9 ± 1.71 min for 20 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, in S. trifoliatus-treated animals). In receptor radioligand-binding studies, the extract exhibited affinity towards D2 receptors. The findings suggest that dopamine D2 antagonism could be the mechanism involved in the antihyperalgesic activity of the aqueous extract of S. trifoliatus.

Estabelecimento de espécies florestais nativas por meio de semeadura direta para recuperação de áreas degradadas

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização da semeadura direta e a influência de um protetor físico sobre o estabelecimento de espécies florestais nativas em uma área com pastagem e outra com agricultura. O experimento foi executado no Município de São Cristóvão, SE (10º55'20"S e 37º12'00"W), em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com três repetições. Foram utilizadas sementes de Erythrina velutina Wild., Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth., Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., Machaerium aculeatum Raddi, Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir) DC. e Sapindus saponaria L. As avaliações feitas em campo foram: emergência, sobrevivência e desenvolvimento inicial das mudas das espécies (altura e diâmetro). Com relação à emergência e sobrevivência de plântulas, houve diferença significativa entre os dois ambientes, com melhores resultados no subsistema agricultura. Considerando o desenvolvimento das espécies, E. velutina destacou-se das demais por ter apresentado as maiores médias de altura e diâmetro nas duas áreas, em ambos os tratamentos. A semeadura direta foi viável na recuperação de áreas degradadas com espécies florestais nativas, nos ambientes estudados.