Low prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the Brazilian Amazon basin

Comorbidities in human immunodeficiency virus infection are of great interest due to their association with unfavorable outcomes and failure of antiretroviral therapy. This study evaluated the prevalence of coinfection by human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in an endemic area for hepatitis B in the Western Amazon basin. Serological markers for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis D virus were tested in a consecutive sample of all patients referred for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The variables sex, age, origin and exposure category were obtained from medical records and from the sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome surveillance database. Among 704 subjects, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B carriage was 6.4% and past infection 40.2%. The presence of hepatitis B was associated with birth in hyperendemic areas of the Amazon basin, male sex and illegal drug use. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C was 5% and was associated with illegal drug use. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in the Western Amazon basin was lower than seen elsewhere and is probably associated with the local epidemiology of these viruses and the degree of overlap of their shared risk factors. An opportunity presents itself to evaluate the prevention of hepatitis C through harm reduction policies and hepatitis B through vaccination programs among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.

Time-variations of equivalent water heights'from Grace Mission and in-situ river stages in the Amazon basin

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission is dedicated to measuring temporal variations of the Earth's gravity field. In this study, the Stokes coefficients made available by Groupe de Recherche en Géodésie Spatiale (GRGS) at a 10-day interval were converted into equivalent water height (EWH) for a ~4-year period in the Amazon basin (from July-2002 to May-2006). The seasonal amplitudes of EWH signal are the largest on the surface of Earth and reach ~ 1250mm at that basin's center. Error budget represents ~130 mm of EWH, including formal errors on Stokes coefficient, leakage errors (12 ~ 21 mm) and spectrum truncation (10 ~ 15 mm). Comparison between in situ river level time series measured at 233 ground-based hydrometric stations (HS) in the Amazon basin and vertically-integrated EWH derived from GRACE is carried out in this paper. Although EWH and HS measure different water bodies, in most of the cases a high correlation (up to ~80%) is detected between the HS series and EWH series at the same site. This correlation allows adjusting linear relationships between in situ and GRACE-based series for the major tributaries of the Amazon river. The regression coefficients decrease from up to down stream along the rivers reaching the theoretical value 1 at the Amazon's mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. The variation of the regression coefficients versus the distance from estuary is analysed for the largest rivers in the basin. In a second step, a classification of the proportionality between in situ and GRACE time-series is proposed.

Nesting and neonates of the yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis, Podocnemididae) in the Araguari River basin, eastern Amazon, Brazil

Predation and alteration of microhabitats may represent high risk for nesting of Amazonian turtles. This study aimed at investigating the nesting and body parameters of neonates of Podocnemis unifilis in the Araguari River basin, State of Amapá, Brazil. The spawning sites of this turtle were monitored along the Falsino River (a region with two reserves) and in the urban area of the Porto Grande city along the Araguari River, from August to December 2011. A total of 180 nests were found and the nesting occurred from September to November, with prevalence in October. Eggs hatching occurred in December. The mean incubation period was 63.5 ± 5.2 days and the eggs hatching success was 25%. However, approximately 80% of the nests had suffered predation mainly by humans, which occurred in both the protected areas of the reserves and the urban area. The pattern of nesting site choice was discussed. Egg size was larger than that previously described for the same turtle species in the other regions. The body condition index of neonates indicated a good use of vitelline reserves. The results indicate the urgent need for strategic actions to conserve and maintain the natural stocks of this relatively vulnerable turtle in the region.

Soil organic matter and fertility of anthropogenic dark earths (Terra Preta de Índio) in the Brazilian Amazon basin

Fertility properties, total C (Ctot), and chemical soil organic matter fractions (fulvic acid fraction - FA, humic acid fraction - HA, humin fraction - H) of anthropogenic dark earths (Terra Preta de Índio) of the Amazon basin were compared with those of Ferralsols with no anthropogenic A horizon. Terra Preta soils had a higher fertility (pH: 5.1-5.4; Sum of bases, SB: 8.93-10.33 cmol c kg-1 , CEC: 17.2-17.5 cmol c kg-1 , V: 51-59 %, P: 116-291 mg kg-1) and Ctot (44.6-44.7 g kg-1) than adjacent Ferralsols (pH: 4.4; SB: 2.04 cmol c kg-1, CEC: 9.5 cmol c kg-1, V: 21 %, P 5 mg kg-1, C: 37.9 g kg-1). The C distribution among humic substance fractions (FA, HA, H) in Terra Preta soils was also different, as shown by the ratios HA:FA and EA/H (EA=HA+FA) (2.1-3.0 and 1.06-1.08 for Terra Preta and 1.2 and 0.72 for Ferralsols, respectively). While the cation exchange capacity (CEC), of Ferralsols correlated with FA (r = 0.97), the CEC of Terra Preta correlated with H (r = 0.82). The correlation of the fertility of Terra Preta with the highly stable soil organic matter fraction (H) is highly significant for the development of sustainable soil fertility management models in tropical ecosystems.

Genesis, Characterization, and Classification of Mangrove Soils in the Subaé River Basin, Bahia, Brazil

ABSTRACT Preservation of mangroves, a very significant ecosystem from a social, economic, and environmental viewpoint, requires knowledge on soil composition, genesis, morphology, and classification. These aspects are of paramount importance to understand the dynamics of sustainability and preservation of this natural resource. In this study mangrove soils in the Subaé river basin were described and classified and inorganic waste concentrations evaluated. Seven pedons of mangrove soil were chosen, five under fluvial influence and two under marine influence and analyzed for morphology. Samples of horizons and layers were collected for physical and chemical analyses, including heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Mn, Zn, and Fe). The moist soils were suboxidic, with Eh values below 350 mV. The pH level of the pedons under fluvial influence ranged from moderately acid to alkaline, while the pH in pedons under marine influence was around 7.0 throughout the profile. The concentration of cations in the sorting complex for all pedons, independent of fluvial or marine influence, indicated the following order: Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+. Mangrove soils from the Subaé river basin under fluvial and marine influence had different morphological, physical, and chemical characteristics. The highest Pb and Cd concentrations were found in the pedons under fluvial influence, perhaps due to their closeness to the mining company Plumbum, while the concentrations in pedon P7 were lowest, due to greater distance from the factory. For containing at least one metal above the reference levels established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United States Environmental Protection Agency), the pedons were classified as potentially toxic. The soils were classified as Gleissolos Tiomórficos Órticos (sálicos) sódico neofluvissólico in according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System, indicating potential toxicity and very poor drainage, except for pedon P7, which was classified in the same subgroup as the others, but different in that the metal concentrations met acceptable standards.

O Sindicato dos Estivadores do Porto de Santos e o processo de modernização portuária

Este artigo é uma reflexão acerca do papel do Sindicato dos Estivadores da cidade de Santos no processo de modernização do porto. Aborda questões como a importância do porto no passado e no presente, a história do sindicato no decorrer do século XX, suas características, suas propostas e seu posicionamento em face da modernização portuária. Analisa a relação entre o processo de modernização do porto de Santos e o Sindicato de Estivadores, no contexto de um mundo globalizado, não só enfocando seu passado, mas, a partir dele, tentando compreender seu papel histórico na vida passada e presente do trabalhador portuário e na própria história do porto e da evolução socioeconômica da cidade de Santos. Este artigo é resultado de aproximação preliminar de pesquisas em desenvolvimento, cuja temática é a modernização do porto de Santos enfocando as transformações nas instituições e no trabalho ocorridas no processo.

Cultura e transformação do trabalho no porto de Santos

Este artigo analisa, pela perspectiva da cultura, os significados que os estivadores atribuem às mudanças que se processam no porto de Santos, colocando em evidência o impacto produzido pela transformação portuária sobre os valores constituídos ao longo de sua experiência histórica. Os primeiros resultados mostram que a atual organização do trabalho, orientada pelas novas tecnologias e pelos novos atores no porto, se apresenta para os estivadores como um estranhamento, visto que seu significado ainda se inscreve na ordem cultural passada.

Estudo operacional do sistema de referência entre uma unidade sanitária e o Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos

Um estudo foi realizado objetivando analisar o sistema de referência desenvolvido por uma unidade sanitária localizada em uma comunidade não organizada e o Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos da Universidade Federal da Bahia. De março de 1971 a outubro de 1972, a unidade sanitária referiu para o Hospital Universitário 352 indivíduos de um total de 12.665 pacientes matriculados na unidade. Durante o período estudado apenas 170 completaram a referência. O valor do sistema de referência foi unidirecional. O autor estabeleceu uma série de comparações internacionais relativa ao fluxo de pacientes para o hospital, à idade, sexo e à natureza dos serviços propiciados tanto nos ambulatórios como no serviço de internamento do hospital. Chamou a atenção que o retorno para a unidade sanitária dos pacientes que completaram a referência foi muito baixa.

Pesquisa de Trichinella spiralis em roedores capturados na zona portuária de Santos

Examinaram-se 594 diafragmas de roedores capturados na zona portuária de Santos tendo em vista a procura de larvas de Trichinella spiralis. Todos os diafragmas examinados estavam negativos.

Caminhoneiros de rota curta e sua vulnerabilidade ao HIV, Santos, SP

OBJETIVO: Descrever a vulnerabilidade, de caminhoneiros de rota curta, à transmissão sexual do HIV e da Aids. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 279 caminhoneiros com vínculo de trabalho na cidade de Santos, SP, em locais de concentração na área portuária e suas proximidades, sindicatos e associações, recrutados pela amostragem do tipo "bola-de-neve". Foram realizadas entrevistas utilizando perguntas abertas e fechadas sobre questões sociodemográficas, práticas sexuais, uso de drogas, conhecimento sobre o HIV e a Aids, contato prévio com programas de prevenção à Aids em Santos, percepção de sua vulnerabilidade ao HIV e à Aids. Foi realizada análise descritiva da amostra, e apresentados relatos para ilustrar algumas situações de vulnerabilidade. RESULTADOS: Do total de 279 caminhoneiros entrevistados, 93% declararam ter parceira fixa, 40% referiram manter relações sexuais com parceiras casuais, e 19% referiram manter relações sexuais com parceiras freqüentes. A principal situação de vulnerabilidade ao HIV ocorre devido ao uso inconsistente do preservativo, interligado ao vínculo estabelecido com cada parceira. O tempo fora de casa parece não ser o principal fator para situações de vulnerabilidade, conforme demonstram estudos com caminhoneiros de rota longa. CONCLUSÕES: A cultura "machista" e os papéis tradicionais masculinos são emblemáticos entre os caminhoneiros de rota curta. Certamente é necessário investir mais na prevenção nessa categoria profissional. A prevenção em locais de trabalho parece promissora, pois permite entender melhor seu universo, propiciando intervenções educativas adequadas a essa categoria profissional.