Spatial and temporal distribution of decapod larvae in the subtropical waters of the Arvoredo archipelago, SC, Brazil

The present paper aims to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of the composition and abundance of Decapoda larvae in the shallow waters around Arvoredo Marine Biological Reserve. Stomatopod occurrence is also discussed. Plankton samples were collected at five sites around the Arvoredo Island every two months for one year from May, 2002 to April, 2003. Thirty-nine morphotypes, 11 genus and 4 species (Artemesia longinaris Bate, 1888, Hexapanopeus schmitii Rathbun, 1930, Menippe nodifrons Stimpson, 1859 and Pleoticus muelleri Bate, 1888) were identified, among them only two morphotypes of Stomatopoda larvae, and the remainder Decapoda larvae. Brachyuran zoeae were the most abundant group and they were well represented by Portunidae and Xanthidae zoeae. Lucifer sp. and Caridea zoeae were the most abundant non-brachyuran taxa. Decapod larvae were observed to occur at all sampling sites, however the spatial distribution demonstrated a general tendency to greater abundance and diversity at the southern sites of the Island. Decapoda and Stomatopoda larvae occurred throughout the year, showing that reproduction is continuous, but that larval input in planktonic community was significantly higher during autumn and spring.

Produção e qualidade de frutos da goiabeira 'Paluma', submetida à diferentes épocas de poda em clima subtropical

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção e a qualidade dos frutos da goiabeira 'Paluma' com cinco anos de idade, submetida a podas drásticas, em diferentes meses, na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel FCA/UNESP, Campus de Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e dez repetições, com uma planta útil por parcela experimental, completamente rodeada por quatro plantas na bordadura. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos seguintes meses de poda: T1: sem poda (testemunha), T2: poda em agosto, T3: poda em setembro e T4: poda em outubro. As características avaliadas foram: número, peso médio, diâmetros longitudinal e transversal dos frutos, produção por planta, produtividade, teores de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT e pH. Com relação ao número de dias entre o início e o final das colheitas (período produtivo), observou-se que a poda, independentemente da época, favoreceu o aumento do intervalo de produção. As goiabeiras submetidas à poda em agosto apresentaram maiores valores de número médio de frutos (385) e de produção por planta (58,82 kg planta-1), diferindo das outras épocas. Os teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH e relação SS/AT dos frutos não foram influenciados pelas épocas de realização da poda.

Correlação entre características quantitativas e qualitativas de frutos de pessegueiros na geração F2 cultivados em região subtropical

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as relações entre características quantitativas e qualitativas de frutos de pessegueiro, cultivados em região subtropical. Para isso foram utilizados frutos totalmente maduros, obtidos de cinco populações, em geração F2, cultivadas em condições de clima subtropical. Foram avaliados: coloração da epiderme (coordenadas b* e h°), diâmetro médio do fruto, comprimento do fruto, firmeza instrumental da polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, teor de ácido ascórbico, percentagem de vermelho na epiderme, coloração da polpa, aderência do caroço, consistência manual da polpa e época de colheita. Os dados foram utilizados para obtenção de coeficientes parciais de correlação entre todas as variáveis. Observou-se variação entre os valores obtidos para cada característica. Há correlações parciais significativas a 1% de probabilidade, de intensidades médias e fracas, entre as características estudadas de frutos de pessegueiro. As maiores correlações foram obtidas entre comprimento e diâmetro de frutos (0,690**) e entre os descritores b e h, obtidos por meio de colorímetro (0,516**). Frutos mais tardios apresentam, geralmente, maior firmeza de polpa, menores teores de vitamina C e menos pigmentação amarela na epiderme. Pêssegos de polpa amarela são mais firmes e apresentam maior acidez no suco.

Qualidade de nectarinas produzidas em região de clima subtropical

RESUMO Os frutos de nectarineiras geralmente apresentam tamanho pequeno, polpa firme, aroma e sabor bem acentuados. O conhecimento dos cultivares disponíveis, em relação a sua qualidade, bem como a sua adaptação aos locais de cultivo é extremamente importante, por possibilitar a escolha dos materiais com melhor potencial de mercado. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os cultivares de nectarineira 'Josefina' e 'Rubro- Sol', cultivados sob condições de clima subtropical, em Viçosa, MG. Os experimentos foram realizados na Universidade Federal de Viçosa durante três safras e conduzidos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, dentro do delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram colhidos 30 frutos de cada cultivar e avaliadas as características massa de fruto, diâmetros longitudinal e transversal, firmeza, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e teores de ácido ascórbico e de carotenoides. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas entre as médias dos anos de avaliação quanto à firmeza e aos teores de ácido ascórbico e de carotenoides. O cultivar 'Rubro- Sol' destacou-se pela maior firmeza da polpa e o 'Josefina' pelo maior teor de sólidos solúveis e menor acidez titulável, com frutos mais doces.

Toxocara seroprevalence in children from a subtropical city in Argentina

Most studies from Argentina have focused on toxocariasis as an environmental problem of big cities, and there are no available data about children infection from small or middle-sized cities. In order to assess the prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in infantile population, 206 children from Resistencia, of both sexes, aged 1-14 years old were studied by Elisa testing with E/S T. canis L2 antigens. Hematological parameters and immunoglobulin levels were determined; five days' stool samples were studied and epidemiological data were obtained by means of a questionnaire to parents. Results showed that 73% of the children had one or more dogs living at home, 57% reported geophagia and 37.9% were positive for Toxocara serology, but there was no significant difference in prevalence neither for boys and girls, nor concerning age. An increased risk of infection was observed in age groups 5-6 and 7-8 for boys, and in age groups 3-4 and 5-6 for girls.

Impacto ambiental de modificações ecológicas realizadas em uma área subtropical

No período de 1994 a 2000, durante a construção e enchimento da represa Yacyretá, foram estudadas em Ituzaingó e Posadas variáveis infecciosas (diarréias e infecções respiratórias), clínico-cirúrgicas (doenças cardiovasculares e politraumatismos) e ambientais (pluviais, temperatura e umidade). As diarréias, em Ituzaingó, tiveram um aumento 6,5%, 78,3% e 13%, respectivamente em 1995, 1996 e 1997 e nos anos seguintes os valores foram similares aos de 1994 e em Posadas mostraram uma tendência ascendente. As infecções respiratórias, em Ituzaingó em 1995, aumentaram 143% e nos períodos subseqüentes voltaram aos limites de 1994 e, em Posadas tiveram valores ascendentes. No Hospital de Ituzaingó, em 1995, as doenças incrementaram 97,6%, mostraram decréscimo em 1996 e atingiram 127% em 2000; os politraumatismos aumentaram 107% em 1995, declinaram 38% em 1996 nos anos seguintes apresentaram tendência ascendente atingindo 33% em 2000. O impacto das variáveis ambientais foi maior em Ituzaingó do que em Posadas. O aumento das doenças relacionou-se com a temperatura máxima, mas não com a umidade.

Occurrence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and waters from bivalve mollusk cultivations in the South Bay of Santa Catarina

Introduction This research aimed to identify and quantify potentially pathogenic Vibrio from different cultivations of bivalve shellfish in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and water regions in the South Bay, as well as correlate the incidence of these microorganisms with the physicochemical parameters of marine waters. Methods Between October 2008 and March 2009, 60 oyster and seawater samples were collected from six regions of bivalve mollusk cultivation, and these samples were submitted for Vibrio counts. Results Twenty-nine (48.3%) oyster samples were revealed to be contaminated with one or more Vibrio species. The Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus counts in the samples ranged from < 0.5 log10 Most Probable Number (MPN) g–1 to 2.3 log10 MPN g–1 oyster and from < 0.5 log10 MPN g–1 to 2.1 log10 MPN g–1 oyster, respectively. Of the 60 seawater samples analyzed, 44 (73.3%) showed signs of contamination with one or more vibrio species. The counts of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in the samples ranged from < 0.3 log10 MPN·100mL–1 to 1.7 log10MPN·100mL–1 seawater and from < 0.3 log10 MPN·100mL–1 to 2.0 log10 MPN·100mL–1 seawater, respectively. A positive correlation between V. vulnificus counts and the seawater temperature as well as a negative correlation between the V. parahaemolyticus counts and salinity were observed. Conclusions The results suggest the need to implement strategies to prevent vibrio diseases from being transmitted by the consumption of contaminated bivalve shellfish.

Omnivory and resource - sharing in nutrient - deficient Rio Negro waters: stabilization of biodiversity?

Amazonian biodiversity is notorious, this is also valid for the fauna of the mineral-deficient waters of the Rio Negro System. Some 25 years of research on the benthic fauna of Central Amazonian streams resulted in species-rich foodwebs with a high degree of omnivory within dense animal communities. To exemplify the taxonomic range of omnivorous consumers, the detailed resource spectra of 18 consumer species, including Protozoa (2 species), Platyhelminthes (1 species), insects (2 species), fish (6 species) and shrimps (Decapoda, 7 species), associated primarily with the benthic habitats of Rio Negro tributaries, are presented. Special features of omnivory are characterized, and the importance of litter-decomposing fungi as essential energy input into the foodwebs is documented. It is shown that general omnivory -diverse omnivore consumers sharing most of the resource types- is a prevalent feature. The relevance of this general omnivory for the maintenance of biodiversity is discussed.

Increasing the efficiency of utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphorus in the subtropical and tropical agricultural systems C

As a rule, soils of the subtropical and tropical regions, in which rainfall is not limiting, are acidic, and low in phosphorus, and, to a less extent, in other macro and micronutrients as well, such a sulfur, boron and zinc. The establishment of a permanent agricultural prac. tice therefore, demands relatively high usage of liming and phosphatic fertilization, to begin with. Several approaches, not mutually exclusive, could be used in order to increase the efficiency of utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphorus so that, goal of diminishing costs of production is reached. The use of liming materials bringing up pH to 6.0-6.5 causes the conversion of iron and aluminum phosphates to more available calcium phosphates; on the other hand, by raising calcium saturation in the exchange complex, it improves the development and operation if the root system which allows c or a higher utilization of all soil nutrients, including phosphorus, and helps of stand water deficits which may occur. The role of mycorrhizal fungi should be considered as a way of increasing soil and fertilizer P utilization, as well as the limitations thereof. Screening of and breeding for varieties with higher efficiency of uptake and utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphorus leads to a reduction in cost of inputs and to higher benefit/cost ratios. Corrective fertilization using ground rock phosphate helps to saturate the fixation power of the soil thereby reducing, as a consequence, the need for phosphorus in the maintenance fertilization. Maintenance fertilization, in which soluble phos-phatic sources are used, could be improved by several means whose performance has been proved: limimg, granula tion, placement, use of magnesium salts. Last, cost of phosphate fertilization could be further reduced, without impairing yields, through impairing yields, through changes in technology designed to obtain products better adapted to local conditions and to the availability or raw materials and energy sources.

Terrestrial isopod diversity in the subtropical neotropics: Itapuã State Park, southern Brazil

We analysed species abundance and composition during one year of sampling at Itapuã State Park, a conservation unit in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Samples were collected monthly from May 2003 to April 2004 along a 4 km forest trail divided in three transects along the slopes of a small hill. Terrestrial isopods were hand searched by three people for 40 minutes at two sampling sites along each transect, summing 240 minutes of sampling effort per transect per month. Six species distributed in six families were found. The collector curve stabilised when half the samples were taken, demonstrating sampling sufficiency: analytical estimates did not predict more species to be found in the trail. Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940) was dominant in all transects. Abundance varied along the year with a summer and a winter peak, but peaks were not consistent among transects. The first part of the trail, used for ecotourism, was less diverse, had less species (4 as compared to 6 in the other transects), and was thus also less similar in composition.

Reproductive biology of Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) in the subtropical climate, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The aim of this study was to characterize, for the central region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, the reproductive biology of Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799), based on the analysis of gonadal development of males and females, reproductive effort, size-fecundity relationships, and occurrence of sexual dimorphism in body size. Mature individuals were found from October 1996 to February 1997 and from October 1997 to December 1997. The highest input of juveniles in the population was recorded in March 1997. There was a positive and significant correlation between the number of mature individuals and the mean monthly temperature. The population did not present sexual dimorphism in size. Males presented significant correlation only between snout-vent length and testes length. All females had oocytes at four different maturation stages and there were no significant correlations regarding size-fecundity variables. The correlation between ovarian size factor and females snout-vent length was not significant either. The main difference between this population and those that inhabit tropical climate was that temperature was responsible for stimulating the reproduction activity, instead of rainfall.

Spatio-temporal variation of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae) associated to the seasonal overture of the sandbar in a subtropical lagoon

On the southern Brazilian coast, the penaeid pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) is intensively captured by both artisanal and industrial fisheries. In the Ibiraquera Lagoon, artisanal fishing of juvenile stocks has declined sharply over the last 15 years. The traditional management methods used by fishermen are no longer sustainable due to conflicts with the demands of tourism and weak environmental and public agencies. The dynamics of the timing of the artificial opening and natural reformation of a sandbar across the mouth of the lagoon are regarded as a central socio-ecological problem. We evaluated the abundance and biomass variation of F. paulensis throughout the year and along a spatial gradient measured from the sandbar into the lagoon. We also explored the influence of opening the sandbar on the shrimp population. Samples were collected monthly from February 2004 to February 2005, using a 27 mm mesh cast net, in four different areas, with three sites being sampled per area. Small numbers of large shrimps were captured in the upper area, while greater biomass and abundance of small shrimps were observed near the sandbar, suggesting the role of the inner area as a refuge for growing. The highest records for biomass and abundance were recorded during warm months, regardless if the lagoon was open or closed by the sandbar. The Ibiraquera Lagoon could be more productive for fishermen if the sandbar opening was coincident to the period of natural post-larvae influx. Furthermore, coastal stocks could be improved by opening the sandbar again during summer in conjunction with fishing quotas.

Effects of anthropogenic impacts on benthic macroinvertebrates assemblages in subtropical mountain streams

The nature of the riparian and surrounding landscape has been modified by anthropogenic activities, which may subsequently alter the composition and functional structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages. The effect of these changes on function of benthic fauna is difficult to assess due to the scarce knowledge on functional structures in tropical streams. In this study we evaluate whether sites impacted and unimpacted by anthropogenic alterations differed in assemblage composition and density, richness and diversity of each functional feeding group. The selection of the sites was related to their distinct riparian characteristics, following the QBRy riparian quality index. Collector-gatherer was the dominant functional feeding group, comprising 91% of total density, whereas the proportion of shredders was very low, representing less of 0.5% of total density. Asemblage composition of macroinvertebrates differed between impacted and unimpacted sites. Predators were dominant in taxa number, representing about 60% of total taxa richness. In addition, the diversity and richness of collector-gatherers differed significantly between degraded and unimpacted sites, reflecting the sensitivity of this group to environmental changes and the utility to be used in the assessment of anthropogenic modifications. The results of this study reinforce the idea that riparian corridor management is critical for the distribution of macroinvertebrate assemblages as well as functional organization of lotic streams.

Otodistomum cestoides (Van Beneden, 1871) from two species of skates taken in chilean waters

Otodistomum cestoides (van Beneden, 1871) (Azygiidae: Digenea) is reported for the first time from Psammobatis scobina and Raja flavirostris. The skates were caught off the coast of San Antonio, Chile.

Trypanorhynch Cestodes of Commercial Fishes from Northeast Brazilian Coastal Waters

A large scale investigation on trypanorhynch cestode infestation of tropical marine fishes was carried out along the Northeast Brazilian coast in the summer of 1991 and 1993. A total of 798 fish specimens belonging to 57 species and 30 families were examined. Metacestodes of 11 different trypanorhynchs were found: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, Dasyrhynchus giganteus, Grillotia sp., Nybelinia edwinlintoni, N. indica, N. senegalensis, Nybelinia c.f. lingualis, Otobothrium cysticum, Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti, Pseudotobothrium dipsacum and Pterobothrium kingstoni. Scanning electron microscopy was used to clarify details of the tentacular armature of some species. Rose-thorn shaped hooklets, regularly arranged like microtriches, are described from the bothridial surface of N. edwinlintoni. Of the 57 fish species, 15 harboured trypanorhynch cestodes. Of these the mullid Pseudupeneus maculatus was the most heavily infested fish species, harbouring 5 different trypanorhynch species. P. noodti in P. maculatus had the highest prevalence (87%) and intensity (maximum = 63) of infestation. C. gracilis was the parasite with the lowest host-specificity. It could be isolated from 10 fish species. The cestode fauna of the Northeast Brazilian coast appears to be similar to that of the West African coast. Five of the trypanorhynch cestodes found during this study are common to both localities. The two single cases of intra musculature infestation in Citharichthys spilopterus and Haemulon aurolineatum by trypanorhynch cestodes indicate that marketability of the investigated commercially exploited fish species is inconsequential.