Dimensão ritual do comportamento de consumo

No dia-a-dia, as pessoas participam regularmente de diversas atividades ritualizadas, seja no lar, no trabalho ou no lazer, tanto como indivíduos quanto como membros de uma comunidade maior. A pessoa média também depende de diversos eventos rituais para marcar os acontecimentos signifi cativos de sua vida, como a formatura, o casamento e a morte. Apesar dessas experiências rituais abrangentes e plenas de significado, a pesquisa sobre o consumidor tem falhado em reconhecer esse amplo domínio comportamental. Este artigo apresenta e elabora o construto ritual como veículo para a interpretação do comportamento de consumo e apresenta os resultados de dois estudos exploratórios que investigam o conteúdo artefatual e psicossocial dos rituais de cuidados pessoais de adultos jovens.

Antropofagia ritual e identidade cultural entre os Tupinambá

A alimentação do homem é um dado cultural que tem uma importância pelo menos igual àquele pura e simplesmente alimentar. Reservando uma atenção particular à relação que encontramos, entre dado cultural e dado alimentar/"natural", o presente artigo levará em consideração o fato de que estamos falando de um alimento muito particular: trata-se do homem que se torna, dentro de uma estrutura altamente ritualizada, alimento para outro homem, o qual, por sua vez, vive na perspectiva, altamente significativa para sua cultura, de se tornar, um dia, ele mesmo alimento para os outros. Pelo fato de reconhecer a importância do dado cultural no que diz respeito à alimentação do homem, a Antropologia se apresenta como perspectiva de análise imprescindível. Por outro lado, ela constituirá o esboço de um estudo crítico sobre sua própria caraterística de compreensão/digestão da alteridade cultural. Além do mais, a colocação da antropofagia ritual ("sagrada") no centro de nosso trabalho nos impõe o ponto de vista de uma metodologia de estudo histórico-religiosa. A utilidade dessa perspectiva de estudos está toda contida na adjetivação "ritual", que acompanha esta forma específica de antropofagia. Trata-se, conseqüentemente, de esclarecer esses termos/conceitos (aos quais a escola histórico-religiosa tem dedicado tanta atenção), muitas vezes assumidos de forma acrítica, oferecendo uma significativa contribuição e problematização aos estudos históricos e antropológicos contemporâneos. O presente texto propõe, portanto, uma análise da antropofagia no Novo Mundo nos séculos XVI e XVII, em relação a uma perspectiva, a indagação antropológica, problematizada por uma metodologia de indagação: a História das Religiões. Para tal debate, entendemos nos referir àquela que é conhecida pelo nome de "Escola Italiana de História das Religiões" e que se reconhece no trabalho pioneirístico empreendido por Raffaele Pettazzoni e proficuamente levado para frente por Brelich, De Martino, Lanternari, Sabbatucci, Massenzio.

Persisting problems related to race and ethnicity in public health and epidemiology research

A recent and comprehensive review of the use of race and ethnicity in research that address health disparities in epidemiology and public health is provided. First it is described the theoretical basis upon which race and ethnicity differ drawing from previous work in anthropology, social science and public health. Second, it is presented a review of 280 articles published in high impacts factor journals in regards to public health and epidemiology from 2009-2011. An analytical grid enabled the examination of conceptual, theoretical and methodological questions related to the use of both concepts. The majority of articles reviewed were grounded in a theoretical framework and provided interpretations from various models. However, key problems identified include a) a failure from researchers to differentiate between the concepts of race and ethnicity; b) an inappropriate use of racial categories to ascribe ethnicity; c) a lack of transparency in the methods used to assess both concepts; and d) failure to address limits associated with the construction of racial or ethnic taxonomies and their use. In conclusion, future studies examining health disparities should clearly establish the distinction between race and ethnicity, develop theoretically driven research and address specific questions about the relationships between race, ethnicity and health. One argue that one way to think about ethnicity, race and health is to dichotomize research into two sets of questions about the relationship between human diversity and health.

Broken noses for the gods: ritual battles in the Atacama Desert during the Tiwanaku period

The sample consists of 226 skulls from the Atacameño cemetery of Coyo Oriente (639-910 AD), associated with the Tiwanaku period. The authors analyzed signs of acute trauma typically associated with violence, and the results were 12% of men and 9.9% of women displaying any type of lesion related to violence. In males, concentration of these non-lethal lesions in the nasal region (10.4%) as opposed to a random distribution over the entire skull (1.6%), suggests that the blows were struck during rituals. The cultural context of this period, with a strong ideological influence from Tiwanaku, supports the ritual hypothesis, since both the ethnographic as well as archeological records point to the existence of non-lethal violent bleeding with ritual beating to the face. Such rituals persist to this day among certain Andean populations. Among women, the most plausible hypothesis for the lesions (3.9% in the skull, 4.9% in the nasal bones, and 0.9% in the face) is domestic conflicts, since they show a random distribution. Previous studies with other Atacameño samples had indicated the same results for women.

A percepção da equipe de enfermagem em situação de morte: ritual do preparo do corpo "pós-morte"

Este estudo objetiva avaliar a percepção (reações emocionais frente aos valores pessoais e sociais) dos funcionários da equipe de enfermagem e identificar o sentimento presente durante o preparo do corpo pós-morte, tendo em vista que os profissionais que lidam com estes acontecimentos no seu cotidiano são, muitas vezes, estigmatizados como pessoas "frias". Foram entrevistados 23 profissionais de enfermagem de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, num Hospital Privado da cidade de São Paulo, em agosto de 1996. O questionário constou de dados de identificação e de perguntas abertas sobre os sentimentos, pensamentos e opinião acerca do preparo do corpo pós-morte. Os resultados apontam que as pessoas encontram-se tristes durante o preparo do corpo, afirmando haver diferença deste procedimento em relação aos demais. Associam o vínculo com o paciente e o tempo de experiência profissional com a intensidade e a presença de determinados sentimentos e emoções. O momento do preparo do corpo para a equipe de enfermagem não é desprovido de profissionalismo e emoções.

Effect of continuous growing of resistant soybean genotypes on Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 reproduction

Even though resistance is the most promising tactic for root-knot nematode management on soybean (Glycine max), virulent biotypes may occur and be selected on specific resistant plant genotypes. In the present study, reproduction rate of Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 increased after four sequences of continuous culture of the parasite on resistant soybean genotypes.

Effect of population densities of Heterodera glycines race 3 on leaf area, photosynthesis and yield of soybean

The effect of Heterodera glycines on photosynthesis, leaf area and yield of soybean (Glycine max) was studied in two experiments carried out under greenhouse condition. Soybean seeds were sown in 1.5 l (Experiment 1) or 5.0 l (Experiment 2) clay pots filled with a mixture of field soil + sand (1:1) sterilized with methyl bromide. Eight days after sowing, seedlings were thinned to one per pot, and one day later inoculated with 0; 1.200; 3.600; 10.800; 32.400 or 97.200 J2 juveniles of H. glycines. Experiment 1 was carried out during the first 45 days of the inoculation while Experiment 2 was conducted during the whole cycle of the crop. Measurements of photosynthetic rate, stomatic conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf color, leaf area, and chlorophyll leaf content were taken at ten-day intervals throughout the experiments. Data on fresh root weight, top dry weight, grain yield, number of eggs/gram of roots, and nematode reproduction factor were obtained at the end of the trials. Each treatment was replicated ten times. There was a marked reduction in both photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, as well as an evident yellowing of the leaves of the infected plants. Even at the lowest Pi, the effects of H. glycines on the top dry weight or grain yield were quite severe. Despite the parasitism, soybean yield was highly correlated with the integrated leaf area and, accordingly, the use of this parameter was suggested for the design of potential damage prediction models that include physiological aspects of nematode-diseased plants.

Differential responses of nematode communities to soybean genotypes resistant and susceptible to Heterodera glycines race 3

Heterodera glycines and Helicotylenchus dihystera were the two most abundant plant-parasitic nematodes found in two H. glycines race 3-infested fields, Chapadão do Céu, MS and Campo Alegre, MG. These fields had been planted with resistant (R) and susceptible (S) plants to cyst nematodes. In the first field, soybean (Glycine max) FT-Cristalina (S) was susceptible to H. glycines but resistant to H. dihystera, while GOBR93 122243 (R) was just the opposite. In the second field, M-Soy 8400 (R) was more resistant to the spiral nematode than M-Soy8411 (S), but the resistance to the cyst nematode was not different between the two genotypes. The total abundance of nematodes was not different between the susceptible and resistant plants in the two fields, suggesting that H. dihystera and/or bacterial feeders and other trophic groups replaced the reduced abundance of the cyst nematodes in resistant plants. Bacterial feeders acted as a compensatory factor to plant-parasitic nematodes in ecological function. The populations of fungal feeders were higher in GOBR93 122243 (R) than in susceptible FT-Cristalina (S) in Chapadão do Céu, but lower in M-Soy 8400 (R) than in M-Soy 8411 (S) in Campo Alegre. This is being attributed to the different periods of soil samplings that were made at the florescent period in the first field, and at the final growing cycle in the second field. Only four nematodes, H. glycines, H. dihystera, Acrobeles sp. and Panagrolaimus sp. dominated the nematode resistant community GOBR93 122243 (R) in Chapadão do Céu, but dominance was shared by ten genera in Campo Alegre, which explains why the five diversity indexes (S, d, Ds, H' and T) were higher in resistant plants than in susceptible plants in field two.

First report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 on tomato in Brazil

Fusarium wilt, caused by three races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is one of the most important diseases of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Races 1 and 2 are distributed worldwide whereas race 3 has a more limited geographic distribution with no report thus far in Brazil. Seven F. oxysporum isolates were obtained from wilted tomato plants of race 1 and 2-resistant hybrids 'Carmen' and 'Alambra' in Venda Nova do Imigrante (State of Espírito Santo), Brazil. Virulence assays were performed using a set of the race differential cultivars: 'Ponderosa' (susceptible to all races), 'IPA-5' (resistant to race 1), 'Floradade' (resistant to races 1 and 2) and 'BHRS-2,3' (resistant to race 3). All isolates were highly virulent to 'Ponderosa', 'IPA-5' and 'Floradade' and were able to infect only a few plants of 'BHRS-2,3'. An additional virulence test was conducted including the same set of cultivars plus Lycopersicon pennellii 'LA 716'. Identical results were obtained with L. pennellii displaying an extreme (immune-like) resistant response. These results indicated that all seven isolates could be classified as F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3. This new Fusarium wilt might became an economically important disease since race 3-resistant cultivars adapted to Brazil are not yet available.

Damage quantification and reaction of bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Meloidogyne incognita race 3 and M. javanica

The damage and the resistance levels of cultivars and accessions of common beans rescued in the South and mountain regions of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, to M. incognita race 3 and M. javanica parasitism were evaluated under a greenhouse. Four rescued bean genotypes ("FORT-10", "FORT-13", "FORT-16" and "FORT-19") and 2 commercial cultivars: "Pérola", and "Aporé", were tested. The cultivar "Rico-23" was included as standard of susceptibility to nematodes and non-inoculated plants constituted the control. Thus, the experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in 3 (treatments considering nematodes) x 7 (genotypes and bean cultivars) factorial arrangement, with 7 replicates. Data were measured at 50 days after plant inoculation. For damage quantification, the following variables were evaluated: plant height (PHE), number of nodes (NNO), number of trifoliate leaves (NRT), fresh matter weight (FWE) and dry matter weight (DWE) of shoots, root weight (RWE), number of root nodules (NRO) and final population (FPO) of nematodes per root system. There were no significant differences between the effects caused by M. incognita and M. javanica, but both species showed inferior values of PHE, NNO, NRT, RWE, FWE and DWE compared to controls. Concerning the levels of resistance of bean plants to M. incognita, the genotypes "FORT-10", "FORT-13", "Aporé" and "FORT-16" behaved as moderately resistant, the cultivars "Rico 23" and "Pérola" low resistant, and the genotype "FORT-19" as highly susceptible. When parasitized by M. javanica, the beans "FORT-19", "Rico-23", "FORT-16" and "FORT-13" were low resistant, "Pérola" and "Aporé" susceptible and "FORT-10" highly susceptible.

Vibration analysis for Bearing outer race condition diagnostics

This paper investigates defect detection methodologies for rolling element bearings through vibration analysis. Specifically, the utility of a new signal processing scheme combining the High Frequency Resonance Technique (HFRT) and Adaptive Line Enhancer (ALE) is investigated. The accelerometer is used to acquire data for this analysis, and experimental results have been obtained for outer race defects. Results show the potential effectiveness of the signal processing technique to determine both the severity and location of a defect. The HFRT utilizes the fact that much of the energy resulting from a defect impact manifests itself in the higher resonant frequencies of a system. Demodulation of these frequency bands through use of the envelope technique is then employed to gain further insight into the nature of the defect while further increasing the signal to noise ratio. If periodic, the defect frequency is then present in the spectra of the enveloped signal. The ALE is used to enhance the envelope spectrum by reducing the broadband noise. It provides an enhanced envelope spectrum with clear peaks at the harmonics of a characteristic defect frequency. It is implemented by using a delayed version of the signal and the signal itself to decorrelate the wideband noise. This noise is then rejected by the adaptive filter that is based upon the periodic information in the signal. Results have been obtained for outer race defects. They show the effectiveness of the methodology to determine both the severity and location of a defect. In two instances, a linear relationship between signal characteristics and defect size is indicated.

A espetacularidade da performance ritual no Reisado do Mulungu (Chapada Diamantina - Bahia)

O ritual de visita do Reisado, prática religiosa do catolicismo rural, se baseia nas relações de troca material/espiritual entre o grupo de devotos e as pessoas visitadas. Os Santos de devoção abençoam as casas através da visita anual do Reisado. Este artigo sobre a dimensão espetacular do corpo nesse ritual focaliza os processos de montagem da performance analisando as interações entre devotos/santos/donos das casas. O ponto de partida é o estudo do Reisado na comunidade negra rural Mulungu (Município de Boninal - Chapada Diamantina/Bahia) desenvolvido através de pesquisa etnográfica e das conexões entre teatro/ritual, traçadas por Jerzy Grotowski no campo da Antropologia Teatral.

La meditación en la Luz Sai Baba como performance ritual: acceso corpóreo-experimental a dios

Este artigo descreve e analisa uma prática característica de grupos argentina devotos de Sai Baba, também conhecida como Meditação na Luz. Caracterizamos-a como uma performance ritual onde, também, encontramos representações simbólicas em torno á corporalidade que chamamos geografia corporal. Examinamos como se constrói a eficácia ritual em dita pratica, e se argumenta que esta performance é eficaz porque contribui para modificar a pessoa á lograr seu objetivo espiritual fundamental (a fusão com Deus). Neste ponto, contrastamos este tipo de meditação com as clássicas meditações metafísicas cartesianas. Finalmente, destaca se a relevância da inclusão da dimensão corporal performática na analise dos fenômenos religiosos.