Cognitive deficit and depressive symptoms in a community group of elderly people: a preliminary study

Since the number and proportion of old people increases worldwide, health professionals and systems should be made aware and prepared to deal with their problems. Cognitive deficit and symptoms of depression are commom among the elderly, and may occur in relation to various risk factors such as health conditions and psychosocial variables. In order to study cognitive deficit and the presence of signs and symptoms of depression, 62 elderly community subjects enrolled at a Community Health Unit in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, were interviewed. They were evaluated by means of the Mini Mental State Exam, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression rating scale, and a questionnaire on health conditions, living arrangements and social variables. Higher levels of symptoms of depression were observed among subjects exposed to major risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases (diabetes and coronary disease), while impaired cognitive performance was seen among individuals who could not count on the presence of a confidant (social network variable). The results suggest that the early identification of major risk groups among old people can help to prevent institutionalization and keep individuals in the community.

A reação de fixação do complemento no estudo do vírus da gripe asiática

Dada a importância da reação de fixação do complemento no estudo do vírus da gripe, resolvemos aplicá-la ao exame e inúmeras amostras que isolamos no decurso da epidemia de gripe asiática, ocorrida em 1957, no Brasil. As referidas amostras já haviam sido estudadas pela prova de hemaglutinação, que serviu para diagnosticá-las. Sabemos que, pela reação de fixação do complemento, se define o tipo de qualquer amostra, não a variante, isto é, os antígenos A, A1 e A2 fixam o complemento, indiferentemente, em presença de anticorpos A, A1 e A2. Não o fazem com o tipo B, C ou D. Tal separação só é possível com a prova de hemaglutinação, que havíamos anteriormente praticado. Visamos, no presente trabalho, por meio daquela reação, estabelecer as relações entre os antígenos de amostras padrões com soros por nós preparados, pela inoculação das amostras que isolamos, ao lado dos soros preparados com as amostras padrões. Foram empregadas as variantes do tipo A e o tipo B. O antígeno foi preparado com o líquido cório-alantóide contendo razoável taxa de hemaglutininas para cada amostra do vírus. Os imunesoros foram preparados em galos, pela injeção do líquido alantóide contendo vírus. A técnica empregada na reação foi a do Centro Internacional de Estudo da gripe, ramo das Américas, localizado em Montgomery. Verificamos, pelos resultados obtidos, assinalados nos Quadros 8 e 9, que separamos nìtidamente o tipo A do B, mas não as variantes do tipo A, em sentido absoluto, uma vez que qualquer dos seus antígenos, A, A1 ou A2, apresentou a reação positiva se bem que houvesse diferença, às vêzes bastante acentuada, na intensidade da reação. Sempre que se usou o antígeno da variante A2 a reação foi 8 a 16 vêzes mais forte, em comparação com os antígenos das variantes A e A1. Em raros casos, a reação foi negativa com êstes antígenos. Verificamos, portanto, a perfeita individualidade da variante A2, para isso trabalhando com 17 das 43 amostras que isolamos no decorrer da última pandemia de gripe.

Neuropsychological rehabilitation of memory deficits and activities of daily living in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) gradually lose their cognitive competence, particularly memory, and the ability to perform daily life tasks. Neuropsychological rehabilitation is used to improve cognitive functions by facilitating memory performance through the use of external aids and internal strategies. The effect of neuropsychological rehabilitation through memory training - motor movements, verbal association, and categorization - and activities of daily living (ADL) training was tested in a sample of 5 elderly out-patients (mean age: 77.4 ± 2.88 years), with mild AD (Mini-Mental State Examination score: 22.20 ± 2.17) and their caregivers. All patients had been taking rivastigmine (6-12 mg/day) for at least 3 months before being assigned to the rehabilitation sessions, and they continued to take the medication during the whole program. Just before and after the 14-week neuropsychological rehabilitation program all patients were assessed by interviewers that did not participate in the cognitive training, using the Mini-Mental State Examination, Montgomery-Alsberg Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Interview to Determine Deterioration in Functioning in Dementia, Functional Test, Memory Questionnaire of Daily Living for patient and caregiver, Quality of Life Questionnaire for patient and caregiver, and a neuropsychological battery. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in ADL measured by Functional Test (P = 0.04), and only a small improvement in memory and psychiatric symptoms. Our results support the view that weekly stimulation of memory and training of ADL is believed to be of great value in AD treatment, not only delaying the progress of the disease, but also improving some cognitive functions and ADL, even though AD is a progressively degenerative disease.

Effect of aerobic training on EEG alpha asymmetry and depressive symptoms in the elderly: a 1-year follow-up study

The effect of physical exercise on the treatment of depressive elderly adults has not been investigated thus far in terms of changes in cortical hemispheric activity. The objective of the present study was to identify changes in depressive symptoms, quality of life, and cortical asymmetry produced by aerobic activity. Elderly subjects with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (DSM-IV) were included. Twenty patients (70% females, 71 ± 3 years) were divided into an exercise group (pharmacological treatment plus aerobic training) and a control group (undergoing pharmacological treatment) in a quasi-experimental design. Pharmacological treatment was maintained stable throughout the study (antidepressants and anxiolytics). Subjects were evaluated by depression scales (Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) and the Short Form Health Survey-36, and electroencephalographic measurements (frontal and parietal alpha asymmetry) before and after 1 year of treatment. After 1 year, the control group showed a decrease in cortical activity on the right hemisphere (increase of alpha power), which was not observed in the exercise group. The exercise group showed a significant decrease of depressive symptoms, which was not observed in the control group. This result was also accompanied by improved treatment response and remission rate after 1 year of aerobic exercise associated with treatment. This study provides support for the effect of aerobic training on alpha activity and on depressive symptoms in elderly patients. Exercise facilitates the treatment of depressive elderly adults, leading to clinical and physical improvement and protecting against a decrease in cortical activity.