788 resultados para Química da atmosfera
em Scielo Saúde Pública - SP
Resumo:
Numerical modeling studies of urban atmospheres were performed with a photochemical box submodel which incorporates primary emission rates, temperature and solar irradiance rate coefficients. Actinic flux calculations were made for an appropriate latitude for Rio de Janeiro and initial concentrations and emission rates were taken from experimental data. The relative importance of individual reactions is discussed as well as the effect of enhanced aldehyde emissions from vehicles using ethanol and ethanol-containing fuel.
Resumo:
Entender os processos naturais que regulam a composição da atmosfera é crítico para que se possa desenvolver uma estratégia de desenvolvimento sustentável na região. As grandes emissões de gases e partículas durante a estação seca provenientes das queimadas alteram profundamente a composição da atmosfera amazônica na maior parte de sua área. As concentrações de partículas de aerossóis e gases traço aumentam por fatores de 2 a 8 em grandes áreas, afetando os mecanismos naturais de uma série de processos atmosféricos na região amazônica. Os mecanismos de formação de nuvens, por exemplo, são profundamente alterados quando a concentração de núcleos de condensação de nuvens (NCN) passa de 200 a 300 NCN/cm³ na estação chuvosa para 5.000-10.000 NCN/centímetro cúbico na estação seca. As gotas de nuvens sofrem uma redução de tamanho de 18 a 25 micrômetros para 5 a 10 micrômetros, diminuindo a eficiência do processo de precipitação e suprimindo a formação de nuvens. A concentração de ozônio, um gás importante para a saúde da floresta amazônica passa de cerca de 12 partes por bilhão em volume (ppb) (concentração típica ao meio do dia na estação chuvosa) para valores em regiões fortemente impactadas por queimadas de até 100 ppb, nível que pode ser fitotóxico para a vegetação. O balanço de radiação é fortemente afetado, com uma perda líquida de até 70% da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa na superfície.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações químicas e físicas em batatas 'Ágata' minimamente processadas, embaladas sob diferentes atmosferas, durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Batatas 'Ágata' foram minimamente processadas como minibatatas e embaladas em filmes de náilon multicamadas. Os tratamentos aplicados no momento da embalagem foram o vácuo parcial e as misturas 10%CO2, 2%O2, 88%N2 ou 5%CO2, 5%O2, 90%N2. Em seguida, foram armazenadas a 5ºC. A cada três dias, amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao índice de escurecimento, atividade da polifenoloxidase e peroxidase, firmeza, sólidos solúveis totais e acidez titulável. O armazenamento sob vácuo parcial foi o mais eficaz no controle do escurecimento, da minimização da atividade da polifenoloxidase e da peroxidase, prevenindo alterações nos teores de sólidos solúveis totais, redução da firmeza, encharcamento da embalagem e maior acidez titulável. Os demais tratamentos apresentaram rápido desenvolvimento do escurecimento, aumento de firmeza em decorrência de ressecamento dos tubérculos, elevação nos sólidos solúveis totais e menor desenvolvimento da acidez em comparação ao tratamento sob vácuo parcial. A utilização de vácuo parcial foi a mais recomendada para a manutenção da qualidade das minibatatas. Todavia, outros tratamentos que busquem a manutenção da firmeza e frescor, sem o desenvolvimento de off-flavors e sem escurecimento, devem ser avaliados.
Resumo:
O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes pressões parciais de O2 e CO2 durante o armazenamento em atmosfera controlada (AC) sobre a qualidade físico-química de pêssegos, cv. Chiripá. As pressões parciais de gases avaliadas foram: 0,8kPaO2/3kPaCO2; 1kPaO2/3kPaCO2; 1kPaO2/4kPaCO2; 1kPaO2/5kPaCO2; 2kPaO2/6kPaCO2; 2kPaO2/7kPaCO2, 2kPaO2/8kPaCO2, ar/10kPaCO2 e tratamento-controle, mantido sob armazenamento refrigerado (AR). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 frutos. As avaliações foram realizadas após 4 e 8 semanas de armazenamento a -0,5ºC ± 0,2ºC, mais 2 dias a 20ºC. Os resultados evidenciaram que o controle de atmosfera reduz a degradação da clorofila da epiderme e a perda de peso, porém tem pouco efeito sobre a firmeza, teor de só lidos solúveis totais (SST) e acidez titulável dos frutos. A pressão parcial de 1kPa de O2, associada a 3kPa de CO2, reduz a manifestação dos sintomas de lanosidade durante 8 semanas de armazenamento. A incidência de podridões dos frutos é reduzida quando armazenados sob a condição de 2kPa de O2, associada a 8kPa de CO2. Tanto o armazenamento refrigerado quanto o armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada mantêm boa qualidade dos frutos por quatro semanas a -0,5ºC, mais 2 dias a 20ºC. Oito semanas de armazenamento em AC é um período muito prolongado para uma satisfatória manutenção da qualidade de pêssegos da cultivar Chiripá. A elevada incidência de podridões e de lanosidade são as causas que mais contribuem para a redução da qualidade de pêssegos, cv. Chiripá, durante períodos prolongados de armazenamento.
Resumo:
In this work, analytical strategies are evaluated in order to measure accurately the ambient levels of atmospheric organic acids. Environmental considerations about the determination of low molecular weight mono- and di-carboxylic acids from urban areas of São Paulo are described.
Resumo:
In the present paper, we report on the analytical use of a dynamic droplet based gas collection and an analysis system. A droplet formed at the tip of a tube represents a sampling approach that provides an indefinitely renewable surface and uses very little reagent. Sample gas flows past the droplet at a low flow rate. After the gas was sampled , the analysis can be carried out by different methodologies. The feasibility of the sensor is demonstrated by continuos determination of gaseous as: NO2, Cl2 and SO2.
Resumo:
This paper describes a sample holder for the electrical measurement of oxides or conducting polymers in the form of pellets or films which are used as gas sensors. The system makes it possible to control the sample temperature, the gas pressure and composition. The temperature in the sample can be changed from 25ºC to 450ºC, and the gas pressure in the chamber is controlled between 5 ¥ 10-4 and 1000 mbar. The performance of the system in resistance measurements of doped tin oxide pellets and polyaniline films deposited on platinum electrodes for methane is analyzed.
Resumo:
It was identified and quantified several organic compounds in the atmosphere of a site into Amazon Basin with high impact of biomass burning emission. It was important to know the particulate matter composition with respect to n-alkanes and PAH associated with the particulate matter because they provided indication on the main sources contributing to airborne particles, the contribution of natural vs. man-made emission and the aging of the particles. The main classes of compounds observed were n-alkanes, PAH and nitro-PAH. It was observed the formation of nitro-PAH from photochemical reactions. The aerosol mass concentration is mainly associated with fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene. Environmental and direct emissions samples (flaming and smoldering) were collected and analysed.
Resumo:
In the last two decades, the use of oxygenated fuels, like methanol and ethanol, pure or in mixture with gasoline, has been growing due to benefits introduced into the air quality. In Brasil, the fraction of light duty vehicles powered by pure hydrated ethanol is estimated at about 4 million, while the remaining vehicles actually utilize a mixture (22:78 v/v) of ethanol:gasoline. As a consequence, there's a need for the availability of methods that can provide the evaluation of possible impacts of alcohol emissions in the formation of chemical species in the atmosphere, as ozone, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and so on. In this paper, methanol and ethanol are discussed in their general aspects, as well as their atmospheric sources, chemical reactivity and available methods of analysis.
Resumo:
A photochemical reaction mechanism for the description of air quality in Brazilian urban regions is described and evaluated by comparison with chamber experiments. The mechanism was developed for use in ozone modeling and application of control strategies. The oxidation of ethanol and methyl-ter-butyl-ether is also considered. Using this chemical model, a trajectory simulation of Brazil Avenue, Rio de Janeiro, was performed. The model predicts that ozone should reach a maximum of 22.4 ppb at 14:57 h. This value is in good agreement with the experimental measurements of 22.5 ppb for 14:00 h and 22.3 ppb for 15:00 h.
Resumo:
A general overview about the ambient levels of low molecular weight carboxylic acids and their possible emission sources, as well as the implication of them in the atmosphere is presented. Carboxylic acids are considered to be one of the dominant classes of organic compounds found in the atmosphere in a variety of phases, such as in rainwater, snow and ice, on aerosol particles and gas phase. They may be originated from biogenic and anthropogenic direct emissions and by photochemical reaction in situ. Emission sources and formation mechanisms of organic acids in the atmosphere are discussed.
Resumo:
Macroscopic samples of fullerene nanostructures are obtained in a modified arc furnace using the electric arc method with a Helium atmosphere at low pressures. High purity graphite rods are used as electrodes but, when drilled and the orifices filled with powders of transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni) acting as catalysts, the resulting particles are carbon nanostructures of the fullerene family, known as Single Wall Nanotubes (SWNTs). They have typical diameters of 1.4 nm, lengths up to tenths of microns and they are arranged together in bundles containing several SWNTs. Those samples are observed and analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques.
Resumo:
Gaseous mercury sampling conditions were optimized and a dynamic flux chamber was used to measure the air/surface exchange of mercury in some areas of the Negro river basin with different vegetal coverings. At the two forest sites (flooding and non-flooding), low mercury fluxes were observed: maximum of 3 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and minimum of -1 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. At the deforested site, the mercury fluxes were higher and always positive: maximum of 26 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and 17 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. Our results showed that deforestation could be responsible for significantly increasing soil Hg emissions, mainly because of the high soil temperatures reached at deforested sites.
Resumo:
This paper focuses: (i) the development of a measurement technique for the determination of atmospheric C2-C6 hydrocarbons with sampling in canisters and analysis by gas chromatography/flame ionisation detector (GC/FID), (ii) the improvement of an existent adsorption-sampling technique with Tenax TA tubes for the determination of C6-C11 hydrocarbons and analysis by GC/FID after thermal desorption and cryogenic concentration, (iii) the identification of compounds present in ambient air by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for both canister and Tenax samples, (iv) a program of interlaboratorial comparison for quality control of C2-C11 analyses, and (v) the seasonal characterisation of ambient air C2-C11 hydrocarbons.
Resumo:
Thermogravimetry was applied to investigate the effects of temperature and atmosphere on conversion of sulfur dioxide (SO2) absorbed by limestone. Ranges of temperature and particle size were studied, typical of fluidized-bed coal combustion. Isothermal experiments were performed at different temperatures (between 750 and 950 ºC) under local atmospheric pressure (~ 697 mmHg) in dynamic atmospheres of air and nitrogen. The maximum conversion was 29% higher in nitrogen atmosphere than in air atmosphere. The optimum conversion temperature was found at 831 ºC in air atmosphere and at 894 ºC in nitrogen atmosphere.