Estimativa da entalpia reticular (Dm Hmº) de adutos através de termogravimetria: uso de uma equação empírica

An empirical equation: DMHmº = t i/b (where t i is the Kelvin temperature of the beginning of the thermal decomposition obtained from the thermogravimetry of the adducts; b is an empirical parameter wich depends on the metal halide and on the number of ligands) was obtained and tested for 53 adducts MX2.nL (where MX2 is a metal halide from the zinc group). The difference between experimental and calculated values was less than 6% for 22 adducts. To another 22 adducts, that difference was less than 10%. Only for 4 compounds the difference between experimental and calculated values exceeds 15%.

Estimativa da entalpia de decomposição (deltaD Hmº) de adutos por termogravimetria

An empirical equation: deltaD HmO = t i/2.2(2-n) is obtained and tested for 102 adducts (mainly adducts with zinc group halides). In the equation, t i is the Kelvin temperature of the beginning of the thermal decomposition of the adduct, (obtained by thermogravimetry), and n is the number of ligands. For 1/3 of the tested adducts the difference between experimental and calculated values was less than 5%. For about 1/3 of the adducts that difference exceeds 15%.

Estimativa da entalpia reticular de adutos (DM Hm o ) utilizando-se formas modificadas da equação de Kapustinskii

In this work are presented two modified forms of Kapustinskii equation that could be used to estimate the values of the lattice enthalphies for adducts: DM Hm o=(-n.z+ .z- .10(2)/D).(1-d*/D) .K and DM Hm o=(-n.z+ .z-.10(2)/d).(1-d*/d).K.d. Two new parameters related with steric effects and donor power of the ligands, J anddare introduced. The proposed equations were tested for 49 adducts (mainly from the zinc group halides). The difference between experimental (calorimetric) and calculated values (using the proposed equations) values are less than 5% for 41 of the tested adducts.

Parasitological and serological studies on Amoebiasis and other intestinal parasitic infections in Recife and its suburban area, northeast Brazil

Parasitological examinations were carried out during April to August, 1987, with 187 out-patients of the IMIP hospital, located in the center of Recife City, and 464 inhabitants of several villages around Cabo City, 50 Km southeast of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Approximately 71% of the IMIP patients and 92% of the Cabo inhabitants were infected with at least one species of intestinal parasite. There was minimum difference in the prevalence rate of Trichuris trichiura between two areas, whereas the prevalence rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni and Entamoeba histolytica were higher in the inhabitants of the Cabo City area. Only Giardia lamblia was more prevalent in the out-patients of IMIP hospital. Test tube cultivation revealed that the prevalence rate of Necator americanus in both areas was much higher than that of Ancylostoma duodenale , and also that the prevalence rate of S. stercoralis of the IMIP patients and Cabo inhabitants were 4.5% and 9.6%, respectively. Six hundred and fifteen sera were serologically examined for amoebiasis by the gel diffusion precipitation test (GDP) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the antigen prepared from axenically cultured trophozoite of E. histolytica (strain HM-ITMSS). No positive reaction was observed in all of the sera as examined by GDP, while 32 out of 615 sera were positive on ELISA.

Mineralogia e reserva de K de Cambissolos submetidos a diferentes manejos após derrubada e queima da floresta na Amazônia Meridional

As altas temperaturas ocorrentes durante a queima na floresta Amazônica podem induzir transformações mineralógicas da fração argila. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as alterações mineralógicas nas frações areia, silte e argila e na reserva mineral de solos submetidos a diferentes manejos (11 anos de mata secundária, pastagem e café) após a derrubada e queima de floresta nativa situada na Amazônia Meridional, município de Cacoal (RO). Uma área de floresta nativa ombrófila densa, com mesma feição pedológica, foi dividida em quatro partes, sendo três áreas submetidas ao corte e à queima e posteriormente cultivadas. Em cada manejo, os perfis de solos foram descritos e amostras dos horizontes A, AB, B1, 2B2 e 2BC foram coletadas para as análises mineralógicas das frações argila, silte e areia (difratometria de raios X) e químicas da fração argila (extração de Fe com ditionito-citrato-bicarbonato - DCB e com oxalato de amônio - OA). Os teores de K não trocáveis foram determinados nas amostras de solo após extração com HNO3 1 mol L-1 fervente. Verificou-se o predomínio da caulinita na fração argila e alta reserva mineral de K nos solos, associada à ocorrência de mica nas frações argila, silte e areia. Os diferentes manejos não afetaram os teores de Fe2O3DCB e Fe2O3OA; por outro lado, o maior valor estimado para a relação entre os teores de goethita e hematita [Gt/(Gt+Hm)] na fração argila no horizonte A da floresta indica uma possível transformação parcial de Gt em Hm durante a queima da floresta para a implantação dos manejos mata secundária, pastagem e café.

Difference in the in-hospital mortality of unstable angina pectoris between men and women

PURPOSE: To assess differences in the in-hospital mortality (HM) rate between men and women with unstable angina pectoris (UA) according to age, depression of the ST segment, history of previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and risk factors for coronary heart disease. METHODS: From October 96 to March 98, 261 patients with UA were selected. Logistic regression models were developed to adjust the association between sex and HM for possible influence of covariables, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and familial history of early coronary heart disease. RESULTS: HM due to UA was approximately three times higher in women (9.3%; 12/129) than in men (3.0%; 4/132) accounting for a relative risk of 3.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.02-9.27. In logistic regression models, the association between sex and death was not significantly altered when the following parameters were considered: age, depression of the ST segment, history of previous AMI and risk factors for coronary heart disease. The nonadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the distinct covariables were 3.28 (CI 95%=1.03-10.45) and 3.14 (CI = 95% = 0.88-11.20), respectively. CONCLUSION: Similarly to AMI, HM in UA is higher in women than in men. Age, risk factors for coronary heart disease, and depression of the ST segment in the electrocardiogram on patients' admission to the hospital did not significantly influence the association between sex and death.

Fluxo no ducto venoso e hipertrofia miocárdica em fetos de mães diabéticas

OBJETIVO: Testar a hipótese de que o índice de pulsatilidade do ducto venoso (IPDV) é maior nos fetos de mães diabéticas (FMD) com hipertrofia miocárdica (HM) do que em FMD sem HM e em fetos controles de mães não diabéticas (FMND) comparando os resultados com os picos de velocidade dos fluxos diastólicos nas valvas mitral e tricúspide. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal incluindo fetos com idade gestacional entre 20 semanas até o termo, divididos em 3 grupos: 56 FMD com HM (grupo I), 36 FMD sem HM (grupo II) e 53 FMND (grupo III, controle). O Doppler-ecocardiograma avaliou o IPDV através da razão (velocidade sistólica - velocidade pré-sistólica)/velocidade média. As ondas E e A dos fluxos mitral e tricúspide foram também avaliadas. RESULTADOS: A média do IPDV no grupo I foi de 1,13 ± 0,64, no grupo II, de 0,84 ± 0,38 e no grupo III de 0,61±0,17. Aplicando-se a ANOVA e o teste de Tukey, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os 3 grupos (p= 0,015 entre os grupos I e II, p < 0,001 entre os grupos I e III e p = 0,017 entre os grupos II e III). A média da onda E mitral foi significativamente maior no grupo I (0,39 ± 0,12 m/s) do que nos grupos II (0,32 ± 0,08 m/s) (p=0,024) e III (0,32 ± 0,08 m/s) (p=0,023). A média da onda E tricúspide foi também maior no grupo I (0,43 ± 0,1 m/s) do que no grupo III (0,35 ± 0,10 m/s) (p= 0,031). CONCLUSÃO: O IPDV é significativamente maior em FMD com HM do que em FMD sem HM e do que em FMND. Como o IPDV pode representar modificações na complacência ventricular, este índice pode ser um parâmetro mais sensível para a avaliação da função diastólica fetal.

Associação do índice tornozelo-braço com inflamação e alterações minerais ósseas em pacientes em hemodiálise

FUNDAMENTO: O índice tornozelo-braço (ITB) reduzido, inflamação e distúrbio mineral ósseo (DMO) estão associados com aumento no risco de morte e complicações cardiovasculares em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD), mas a relação entre esses fatores necessita ser elucidada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre ITB anormal e DMO com inflamação em pacientes em HD. MÉTODOS: Esta análise transversal avaliou 478 pacientes em HD por pelo menos 1 ano. O ITB foi avaliado através de um Doppler portátil e manômetro de coluna de mercúrio. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com o ITB (baixo: <0,9, normal: 0,9 a 1,3, e alto: >1,3). As medidas de proteína C-reativa foram utilizadas como marcador inflamatório, enquanto a DMO foi avaliada através dos níveis de cálcio, fósforo e hormônio paratireoidiano intacto (iPTH). RESULTADOS: Os participantes tinham 54 (18 a 75) anos, 56% eram do sexo masculino, 17% eram diabéticos e estavam em HM por 5 (1 a 35) anos. A prevalência de ITB baixo, normal e alto AAI foi 26,8%, 64,6% e 8,6%, respectivamente. Usando um modelo de regressão logística condicional com procedimento backward, idade (p<0,001), diabetes (p= 0,001), e níveis de proteína C-reativa >6 mg/L (p= 0,006) estavam associados com a presença de ITB baixo, enquanto o sexo masculino (p<0,001), diabetes (p= 0,001) e produto cálcio x fósforo elevado (p= 0,026) estavam associados com ITB alto. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes em HD, a presença de diabetes estava associada com ITB alto e baixo. O risco de ter ITB baixo parece aumentar com a idade e inflamação, enquanto a DMO estava associada com ITB alto.

Prevalence and intensity of infections of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura and associated socio-demographic variables in four rural Honduran communities

Between January and March 1998, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in four rural communities in Honduras, Central America. We examined the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections among 240 fecal specimens, and the association between selected socio-demographic variables and infection for 62 households. The overall prevalence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was 45% (95% CI 39.0-51.9) and 38% (95% CI 31.8-44.4) respectively. The most intense infections for Ascaris and Trichuris were found in children aged 2-12 years old. By univariate analysis variables associated with infections of A. lumbricoides were: number of children 2-5 years old (p=0.001), level of formal education of respondents (p=0.01), reported site of defecation of children in households (p=0.02), households with children who had a recent history of diarrhea (p=0.002), and the location of households (p=0.03). Variables associated with both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infection included: number of children 6-14 years old (p=0.01, p=0.04, respectively), ownership of a latrine (p=0.04, p=0.03, respectively) and coinfection with either helminth (p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively). By multivariate analysis the number of children 2-5 years living in the household, (p=0.01, odds ratio (OR)=22.2), children with a recent history of diarrhea (p=0.0, OR=39.8), and infection of household members with T. trichiura (p=0.02, OR=16.0) were associated with A. lumbricoides infection. The number of children 6-14 years old in the household was associated with both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infection (p=0.04, p=0.01, OR=19.2, OR=5.2, respectively).

Observations on the Domestic Ecology of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Triatominae)

Rhodnius ecuadoriensis infests peridomiciles and colonises houses in rural southern Ecuador. Six out of 84 dwellings (7%) surveyed in a rural village were infested (78 bugs/infested domicile; 279 bugs were collected in a single dwelling). Precipitin tests revealed R. ecuadoriensis fed on birds (65%), rodents (31%), marsupials (8%), and humans (15%) - mixed bloodmeals detected in 37.5% of individual samples. Trypanosoma cruzi from opossums and rodents may thus be introduced into the domestic cycle. Wasp parasitoidism was detected in 6.5% of 995 R. ecuadoriensis eggs (only in peridomestic habitats). Control strategies should integrate insecticide spraying (indoors and peridomestic), better management of poultry, and housing improvements. A possible inefficacy of Malathion is reported.

Kinetics of T cell-activation molecules in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens

The phenotypic features acquired subsequent to antigen-specific stimulation in vitro were evaluated by means of the kinetic expressions of CD69 and CD25 activation molecules on T lymphocytes and assayed by flow cytometry in response to PPD, Ag85B, and ferritin in PPD-positive healthy control individuals. In response to PHA, CD69 staining on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells became initially marked after 4 h, peaked at 24 h, and quickly decreased after 120 h. For CD25, a latter expression was detected around 8 h, having increased after 96 h. As expected, the response rate to the mycobacterial antigens was much lower than that to the mitogen. Positive staining was high after 96 h for CD25 and after 24 h for CD69. CD69 expression was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) on CD8+ as compared to CD4+ T cells. High levels were also found between 96-120 h. Regarding Ag85B, CD25+ cells were mostly CD4+ instead of CD8+ T cells. Moreover, in response to ferritin, a lower CD25 expression was noted. The present data will allow further characterization of the immune response to new mycobacterial-specific antigens and their evaluation for possible inclusion in developing new diagnostic techniques for tuberculosis as well in a new vaccine to prevent the disease.

Pulmonary tuberculosis: evaluation of interferon-gamma levels as an immunological healing marker based on the response to the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis whose interaction with the host may lead to a cell-mediated protective immune response. The presence of interferon-g (IFN-gamma) is related to this response. With the purpose of understanding the immunological mechanisms involved in this protection, the lymphoproliferative response, IFN-g and other cytokines like interleukin (IL-5, IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) were evaluated before and after the use of anti-TB drugs on 30 patients with active TB disease, 24 healthy household contacts of active TB patients, with positive purified protein derivative (PPD) skin tests (induration > 10 mm), and 34 asymptomatic individuals with negative PPD skin test results (induration < 5 mm). The positive lymphoproliferative response among peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients showed high levels of IFN-g, TNF-a, and IL-10. No significant levels of IL-5 were detected. After treatment with rifampicina, isoniazida, and pirazinamida, only the levels of IFN-g increased significantly (p < 0.01). These results highlight the need for further evaluation of IFN-g production as a healing prognostic of patients treated.

Study of the antibody response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in Warao Amerindian children in Venezuela

This study was aimed at investigating alternate methods for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), which are needed because bacteriologic diagnosis of childhood TB is difficult. A selection of 80 serum and saliva samples were tested from Warao indigenous children under 15 years of age; 34 high TB suspects (28 positive and 6 negative for the tuberculin skin test, TST) and 46 healthy contact children (32 positive and 14 negative for the TST). Several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serological tests were developed to test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antibodies, including serum IgA, IgG, IgE, and secretory IgA (sIgA) in saliva against 3 specific antigens (PPD, HSP60, 38 kDa). Of these, 2 antigens, PPD and 38 kDa, showed significantly higher reactivity. The sensitivity and specificity of these tests for diagnosis remained limited, between 26.5% and 38.2%, and 77.4% and 97%, respectively. Of all the samples studied and combinations realized between all isotypes and antigens combined with 3 isotypes (anti-PPD IgG, IgE, and anti-38kDa sIgA) managed to detect the largest number of patients, showing an improved sensitivity level of 64.7%, although specificity levels dropped to 81.8%. These results were compared with the Omega diagnostics commercial kit results. The commercial kits showed significantly lower reactivity (sensitivity of 20% and 13.33% to Myco G and Complex Plus, respectively) and a specificity of 100%. This study shows that in indigenous populations of Venezuela, where invasive procedures cannot be used to select samples but evaluation with a chest X-ray for radiological studies is available, the combination of 3 specific isotypes may be a useful tool to increase diagnostic accuracy with pulmonary TB in this population, when used together with clinical and epidemiological criteria.

Molecular and antigenic characterisation of ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 from Babesia bovis

Babesia bovis is a tick-borne pathogen that remains an important constraint for the development of cattle industries in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Effective control can be achieved by vaccination with live attenuated phenotypes of the parasite. However, these phenotypes have a number of drawbacks, which justifies the search for new, more efficient immunogens based mainly on recombinant protein technology. In the present paper, ribosomal phosphoprotein P0 from a Brazilian isolate of B. bovis was produced and evaluated with regard to conservation and antigenicity. The protein sequence displayed high conservation between different Brazilian isolates of B. bovis and several Apicomplexa parasites such as Theileria, Neospora and Toxoplasma. IgG from cattle experimentally and naturally infected with B. bovisas well as IgG1 and IgG2 from naturally infected cattle reacted with the recombinant protein. IgG from cattle experimentally infected with Babesia bigemina cross-reacted with B. bovis recombinant P0. These characteristics suggest that P0 is a potential antigen for recombinant vaccine preparations against bovine babesiosis.