Fenologia e frutificação do pessegueiro 'Granada' sob diferentes práticas de manejo

O cultivar de pessegueiro 'Granada' produz frutos para dupla finalidade, firmes, resistentes, de bom tamanho e aparência. Entretanto, esse cultivar tem apresentado baixa frutificação, principalmente quando ocorrem temperaturas acima de 25ºC durante a pré-floração e floração. Por isso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes práticas de manejo sobre a fenologia e frutificação desse cultivar. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, duas plantas por parcelas e dez ramos por planta. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - Testemunha (práticas de manejo adotadas pelo produtor); T2 - Anelamento de tronco; T3 - Poda curta de ramos; T4 - Aplicação de Caolin (95 % i.a.) na concentração de 3,5 % do i.a.; T5 -Aplicação de Cianamida Hidrogenada ( 0,75 %) mais óleo mineral (1 %); T6 - Anelamento mais poda curta; T7 - Anelamento mais Cianamida Hidrogenada (0,75 %) mais óleo mineral (1 %); T8 - Poda curta mais Cianamida Hidrogenada (0,75 %) mais óleo mineral (1 %); T9 -Anelamento mais poda curta mais Cianamida Hidrogenada (0,75 %) mais óleo mineral (1 %); T10 - Anelamento mais Caolin (3,5 % i.a.). O cultivar 'Granada' apresenta naturalmente baixa frutificação e produção; o anelamento, conjugado com a aplicação de Caolin, antecipa em uma semana a plena floração das plantas de 'Granada'; a aplicação de Cianamida Hidrogenada (0,75 %) e óleo mineral (1 %), isolada ou combinada com poda curta, proporciona maior percentual de floração, frutificação efetiva e produção das plantas; o anelamento reduz a produção de frutos do cv. 'Granada'.

Higher education of tourism in Spain and its adaptation to the European higher education area

The international tourism system has deeply undergone structural changes in the last decades which not remain outside the subsystem higher education in tourism, especially in the European case. This article has two objectives: firstly, describes the European higher education area and the objectives, skills and subjects taught in the main Spanish universities that offer higher education in tourism. On the other hand, in the light of knowledge that researchers' descriptive models, provide experience of the implementation of European credit and thorough a deeply review of the literature on the topic higher education in tourism, to propose strategies that will enable other tourism higher education systems approach to the European reality. These policy proposals are aimed at agents and elements from higher education in tourism subsystem and they specifically include: the institutions providing education in tourism, the curriculum, the teaching methods, teachers and students.

Self-perceived health status in older adults: regional and sociodemographic inequalities in Spain

OBJECTIVE: To assess regional and sociodemographic differences in self-perceived health status among older adults. METHODS: A face-to-face quality of life survey was conducted in a representative sample of the Spanish population comprising 1,106 non-institutionalized elderly aged 60 or more in 2008. Logistic regression models were used to explain self-perceived health status according to the EuroQol Group Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS). Independent variables included sociodemographic and health characteristics as well as the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics level 1 (NUTS1: group of autonomous regions) and level 2 (NUTS 2: autonomous regions). RESULTS: Younger and better off respondents were more likely to have a positive self-perceived health status. Having no chronic conditions, independence in performing daily living activities and lower level of depression were also associated with positive self-perceived health status. People living in the south of Spain showed a more negative self-perceived health status than those living in other regions. CONCLUSION: The study results point to health inequality among Spanish older adults of lower socioeconomic condition and living in the south of Spain. The analysis by geographic units allows for international cross-regional comparisons.

Stomoxys calcitrans as possible vector of Trypanosoma evansi among camels in an affected area of the Canary Islands, Spain

Introduction Trypanosoma evansi was first identified in the Canary Islands in 1997, and is still present in a small area of the Archipelago. To date, the disease has exclusively affected camel herds, and has not been detected in any other animal hosts. However potential vectors of Trypanosoma evansi must be identified. Methods One Nzi trap was placed on a camel farm located in the infected area for a period of one year. Results Two thousand five hundred and five insects were trapped, of which Stomoxys calcitrans was the sole hematophagous vector captured. Conclusions Stomoxys calcitrans could be exclusively responsible for the transmission of Trypanosoma evansi among camels in the surveyed area, as other species do not seem to be infected by S. calcitrans in the presence of camels.

Acute intestinal anisakiasis in Spain: a fourth-stage Anisakis simplex larva

A case of acute intestinal anisakiasis has been reported; a nematode larva being found in the submucosa of the ileum of a woman in Jaén (Spain). The source of infection was the ingestion of raw Engraulis encrasicholus. On the basis of its morphology, the worm has been identified as a fourth-stage larva of Anisakis simplex. In Spain, this is the ninth report of human anisakiasis and also probably the first case of anisakiasis caused by a fourth-stage larva of A. simplex.

Enterocytozoon bieneusi (microsporidia) in faecal samples from domestic animals from Galicia, Spain

In this survey we examined 87 domestic animal stool samples in order to detect the possible presence of microsporidia in animals in close contact with humans in Galicia (NW, Spain). The detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores was confirmed in faecal samples from two dogs and one goat by polymerase chain reaction. None of the positive samples for microsporidia in the staining method were amplified with species-specific primers for Encephalitozoon intestinalis, E. hellem and E. cuniculi. Four rabbits faecal samples reacted with anti-E. cuniculi serum. Our results could indicate the importance of domestic animals as zoonotic reservoirs of microsporidial human infections.

Colonization by Helicobacter pylori of leprosy patients in Spain: immunomodulation to low molecular weight antigens of H. pylori

We studied the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with leprosy and the effects of co-infection on the immune response to Helicobacter antigens in the polar groups of leprosy (lepromatous and tuberculoid). We showed that there is no difference in the prevalence of H. pylori in patients with leprosy as compared to a non-leprosy population. We also demonstrated that the immune response to low molecular weight H. pylori antigens (35, 26 and 19 kDa) differs in patients with lepromatous as compared to those with tuberculoid leprosy. In lepromatous leprosy, we show that there is a higher prevalence of the 35 and 26 kDa antigens, but a lower prevalence of the 19 kDa antigen. These immunological results are consistent with previous histopathological studies illustrating a more severe gastrointestinal inflammation in lepromatous patients; importantly, a response to the 35 kDa antigen is recognized as a marker for the development of ulcerative disease.

Paleoparasitologic, paleogenetic and paleobotanic analysis of XVIII century coprolites from the church La Concepción in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

We present the results of a paleoparasitologic, paleogenetic and paleobotanic analysis of coprolites recovered during the excavation of the church La Concepción in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Coprolites (n = 4) were rehydrated and a multidisciplinary analysis was conducted. The paleobotanic analysis showed numerous silicates, seeds and fruits of the family Moraceae. In the paleoparasitologic study, Ascaris sp. eggs (n = 344) were identified. The paleogenetic results confirmed the Ascaris sp. infection as well as the European origin of human remains. These findings contribute to our knowledge of ancient helminthes infections and are the first paleoparasitological record of Ascaris sp. infection in Spain.

Updated distribution of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Spain: new findings in the mainland Spanish Levante, 2013

In 2004, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) was observed for the first time in Catalonia, northeastern Spain. A decade later, it has spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean region of the country and the Balearic Islands. Framed within a national surveillance project, we present the results of monitoring in 2013 in the autonomous communities of the mainland Levante. The current study reveals a remarkable increase in the spread of the invasive mosquito in relation to results from 2012; the species was present and well-established in 48 municipalities, most of which were along the Mediterranean coastline from the Valencian Community to the Region of Murcia.

APPROACH AND TREATMENT OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN THE CLINICAL PRACTICE OF DIFFERENT GROUPS OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IN SPAIN: RESULTS OF THE PROJECT EUREGENA.

According to the WHO (World Health Organization) and the European Union, suicide is considered to be a health problem of prime importance and to be one of the principal causes of unnatural death. In Spain, the number of suicides has increased 12% since 2005 . The Research Project “European Regions Enforcing Actions against Suicide (EUREGENAS), funded by the Health Program 2008-2013, has as main objective the description of an integrated model of Mental Health orientated to the prevention of suicide. The differences that allow distinguishing the meaning of prevention in suicide behavior are described and explained through a qualitative methodological strategy and through the creation of discussion groups formed by different groups of health professionals. The results highlight the existing differences between the diverse health professionals who come more in contact with this problem and it shows as well the coincidence of meaning that suicide has to be considered as a priority in the field of health.

Biodiversity within the subfamily Alyssinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) in the Natural Park Peñas de Aya (Spain)

Biodiversity within the subfamily Alyssinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) in the Natural Park Peñas de Aya (Spain). The study of parasitoid Hymenoptera is of significance for the assessment of diversity in a given area because of their role in the regulation of insects populations. The present work analyses diversity within Alysiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) in the Forested Estate of Artikutza, located in the Natural Park Peñas de Aya, western Pyrenees, Spain. Collection of specimens was spread over two years and was carried out in two different habitats: mixed forest and beech forest. A total of 2,270 specimens, belonging to 22 separate genera, were captured. Subsequently, alpha, beta and gamma diversities were analysed, and the beech forest was proven to host greater diversity than the mixed forest. A sampling strategy was adopted for the analysis of Alysiinae phenology and its relationship with environmental climatic conditions; as a result, a direct relationship between phenology and temperature was attested.

Comportamento do pessegueiro 'Granada' sobre diferentes porta-enxertos

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito dos porta-enxertos Aldrighi, Flordaguard, Hansen 2168, Okinawa, Pavia Moscatel, Tsukuba 1 e Umezeiro sobre o comportamento da cv. Granada, nas condições do Sul do Brasil. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Durante o período de execução do experimento, foram avaliados diâmetro do tronco, volume da copa, peso fresco do material vegetal retirado nas podas verde e de inverno, índice de intensidade de poda, data de plena floração, comprimento do período de floração, peso médio das frutas, produção por planta, produção estimada por hectare, eficiência produtiva, sólidos solúveis totais e firmeza de polpa das frutas. As avaliações permitiram concluir que os porta-enxertos mais vigorosos conferem maior diâmetro do tronco e volume de copa, bem como maior produção às plantas; a maior produção obtida nas plantas sobre porta-enxertos mais vigorosos não afeta o peso médio das frutas. Pela resistência a fitonematóides e o comportamento observado neste estudo, os porta-enxertos Tsukuba 1 e Okinawa podem ser indicados como porta-enxertos potenciais para a cultura do pessegueiro nas condições do Sul do Brasil.

Manejo do resfriamento e da classificação de pêssegos cv granada na ocorrência de podridões e qualidade de consumo

A perda de qualidade em pêssegos, após a colheita, está associada às alterações indesejáveis no metabolismo, aos danos mecânicos, à redução da firmeza de polpa, às desordens fisiológicas e às podridões. Em pêssegos do cultivar Granada, a ocorrência de podridões é a principal causa de perdas pós-colheita. Para amenizar esse problema, estudou-se o manejo na pós-colheita, avaliando-se as características e a vida útil dos frutos, através de dois experimentos: 1) colheita e resfriamento prévio ao transporte refrigerado em caminhão com carroçeria baú e simulação de comercialização à temperatura de 23±2°C e UR de 75%±5%, e 2) colheita, resfriamento e armazenamento refrigerado por 15 dias, seguido de classificação em equipamentos que deslocam os frutos, com ou sem o auxílio de água, com ou sem aplicação de cera. Na seqüência, os frutos foram transportados sob refrigeração e submetidos à simulação de comercialização nas mesmas condições do primeiro experimento. A vida de prateleira, nos dois experimentos, foi estudada através da quantificação de frutos com podridão e da aavaliação da coloração, da firmeza da polpa e da análise sensorial, com tratamento estatístico dos resultados. Os menores percentuais de frutos com podridão foram observados em pêssegos resfriados em câmara fria, seguido de transporte refrigerado e simulação de comercialização, contrapondo-se aos frutos não-resfriados previamente ao transporte refrigerado. Referente à classificação, após o armazenamento refrigerado (AR), verificou-se que o equipamento de classificação com água, em comparação com a classificação em equipamento sem água, favorece o aumento de podridão, caso a comercialização exceda três dias após o transporte refrigerado. A aplicação de cera na classificação, em equipamento sem água, melhora a aparência dos frutos e contribui para a prevenção de podridão.

Fenologia e produção de pessegueiros 'granada' com aplicação de cianamida hidrogenada e boro

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações e épocas de aplicação de cianamida hidrogenada (CH) + óleo mineral (OM) e boro sobre a fenologia e produção de pessegueiros 'Granada'. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Charqueadas, na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Avaliaram-se a fenologia, a queda de gemas florais e intensidade de floração, a frutificação efetiva, o rendimento e a qualidade físico-química dos frutos. A aplicação de 0,4 % CH + 1,0 % OM no estádio de gema dormente estimulou o florescimento e a brotação, mas reduziu a produção das plantas. A pulverização com 0,2% de bórax (220 mg.L-1 de boro nas gemas e flores) aumentou a produção das plantas. A aplicação simultânea de 0,25% CH + 0,8% OM, no estádio de início de inchamento das gemas, e de 0,2% de ácido bórico (340 mg.L-1 de boro), na plena floração, promoveu a maior produção de frutos. A aplicação isolada de 0,25 % CH + 0,8 % OM, no estádio de início de inchamento das gemas, reduziu o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS) totais e, quando aplicados simultaneamente com o boro, na plena floração, reduziu a acidez titulável dos frutos.