Rhipicephalus sanguineus (ACARI: IXODIDAE) BITING A HUMAN BEING IN PORTOALEGRE CITY, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL

We report the finding of a female brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) on the scalp of a male patient inPorto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Human parasitism by this tick is rare and has seldomly been reported in the literature, despite its recognized importance since it can act as a vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of spotted fever.

Efeitos toxicológicos e ineficiência in vitro de deltametrina sobre larvas de Rhipicephalus sanguineus, de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

Observou-se que formulações de deltametrina, desenvolvidas para desinsetizar ambientes infestados ou para combate de artrópodes parasitas de bovinos e equinos, têm sido freqüentemente utilizadas por cinofilistas para combater carrapatos em seus cães, sem critério científico em relação às dosagens e formas de aplicação, nos canis e ambientes onde vivem. Com a finalidade de avaliar a atividade deste produto sobre Rhipicephalus sanguineus, realizaram-se bioensaios com larvas a 27±1°C, UR>80% e fotofase de 12h. A mortalidade e os efeitos toxicológicos foram observados durante 30h, a cada 6h. Constataram-se efeitos toxicológicos importantes nas larvas, tais como incoordenação, Knock-down e paralisia seguida por morte, todavia a capacidade letal do produto após 30h foi baixa, com mortalidade média de 34%, 40,2%, 46% e 57,6%, respectivamente, para as dosagens de 0,5ml, 1ml, 2ml, 3ml. Não houve mortalidade no grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos contra-indicam o uso da deltametrina nas dosagens testadas como medida eletiva para controle de R. sanguineus.

Analysis of the use of fenthion via epicutaneous in dogs for Rhipicephalus sanguineus control

The action of fenthion was studied in a 15% epicutaneous formulation upon Rhipicephalus sanguineus, which may transmit pathogens to men and other animals, such as Ehrlichia, Babesia and Ricketsia. Dogs were artificially infected for the trial. The fenthion bioassays were begun four months after artificial infestation. The test group, having a mean of 186 ticks per dog, received the formulation dosage according to body weight on the neck region. Tick counts were performed, considering diameters > or = 2mm, during 11 days of treatment, in the most affected body areas: back, ears and paws. Before the application of fenthion in the dogs, it were observed an average 43.3% ticks in the ears, 38.1% in the back area and 17.6% in the paws. The number of ticks in dogs decreased by 36.2%, 63.8%, 82.7%, 67%, 40% and 4.9%, respectively on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 after treatment. R. sanguineus anti-tick activity, lower than that officially recommended, was verified. The number of ticks increased progressively after the 5th day, demonstrating residual insecticide inefficacy. The results obtained did not indicate the use of this formulation, at the tested dosage, as an elective measure for R. sanguineus control.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae), the brown dog tick, parasitizing humans in Brazil

The objective of this paper is to describe four cases of human parasitism by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latrielle) in Brazil. During an investigation regarding the species of ectoparasites of domestic dogs from the metropolitan region of Recife, Pernambuco state, four dog owners were found to be parasitized by ticks. The ticks were collected from these individuals and their dogs. All the ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus . These are, to our knowledge, the first four cases of human parasitism by this tick species in Brazil. The possible implications of this finding are discussed here.

Atividade "in vitro" de extratos de Pycnoporus sanguineus e Lentinus crinitus sobre o fitopatógeno Fusarium sp

O controle alternativo de doenças de plantas tem como objetivo minimizar o impacto ambiental através da utilização de produtos naturais. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade in vitro de extrato aquoso e hidroalcoólico de Pycnoporus sanguineus e Lentinus crinitus contra Fusarium sp., conhecido por causar doenças das culturas. Os fungos foram coletados em áreas urbanas e rurais de Parintins-AM, e testados em diferentes concentrações de extratos, sendo avaliadas a inibição de crescimento micelial, a inibição da germinação de conídios e a inibição da germinação de esclerócios. Os melhores resultados de inibição do crescimento micelial foram obtidos com extratos hidroalcoólicos frios. Extratos de P. sanguineus obtidos em solvente hidroalcoólico frio e extrato aquoso ultrassônico e extrato de L. crinitus de solvente hidroalcoólico frio, inibiram mais de 92% da esporulação de conídios. Extratos aquosos quentes inibiram a germinação de escleródios, bem como o extrato de P. sanguineus hidroalcoólico frio. O consórcio dos fungos inibiram a germinação de escleródios em 1000 µg mL-1.

More about the role of 2,6-dichlorophenol in tick courtship: identification and olfactometer bioassay in Amblyomma cajennense and Rhipicephalus sanguineus

This study aimed to identify 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) in Amblyomma cajennense and to evaluate its role in A. cajennense and Rhipicephalus sanguineus courtship. Hexanic extract from attractive females was purified by solid phase extraction and the phenol was identified by the single ion monitoring method using GC/MS. In an olfactometer, the responses of A. cajennense and R. sanguineus males to females, control rubber septa or rubber septa impregnated with 2,6-DCP at 50, 500, and 5000 ng, respectively, were studied. 2,6-DCP was identified in A. cajennense extract and the males oriented themselves toward the concentration of 500 ng. These septa and the females were recognized as copula partners. The septa treated with 2,6-DCP did not attract and were not even recognized by the R. sanguineus males, whereas the females were recognized. Due to the presence of 2,6-DCP in A. cajennense and the results of biological bioassays, it was concluded that this compound acts as an attractant and mounting sex pheromone in this tick, but it does not play any role in R. sanguineus courtship.

Indução de resistência em feijoeiro a mancha angular por extratos de micélio de Pycnoporus sanguineus

O feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) está entre as principais culturas da agricultura nacional e pode ser afetada por várias doenças, como a mancha angular causada por Pseudocercospora griseola. Com o objetivo de desenvolver métodos alternativos ao químico para o controle desta doença, verificou-se o potencial de extratos de micélio de Pycnoporus sanguineus para atividade antimicrobiana in vitro contra P. griseola e para indução de resistência e ativação de enzimas de defesa em feijoeiro, como peroxidase, polifenoloxidase e β-1,3-glucanase, além de sua influência nos teores de proteínas e clorofilas. Os experimentos in vitro e em casa de vegetação foram constituídos pelos extratos de micélio de P. sanguineus e dos controles água, acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM: 75 mg i.a./L) e fungicida azoxystrobin (40 mg i.a./L). In vitro o extrato de micélio apresentou efeito sobre o crescimento micelial, a esporulação e a germinação de esporos de P. griseola. In vivo a severidade foi reduzida em 93% e 50% em casa de vegetação e a campo respectivamente, em relação ao controle água. A atividade das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase e os teores de proteínas e clorofilas foram maiores nas plantas tratadas com o extrato. Estes resultados indicam a eficiência de P. sanguineus para o controle alternativo da mancha angular do feijoeiro.

Detecção in situ de espécies reativas de oxigênio em feijoeiro tratado com extratos de Pycnoporus sanguineus e inoculado com Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Este trabalho teve como objetivo detectar in situ a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO'S), particularmente peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e radical superóxido (O2.- ), em plantas de feijão tratadas com extrato aquoso de micélio e de basidiocarpo de Pycnoporus sanguineus, em concentração de 5% (p/v), e inoculadas após 3 dias com Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. As avaliações foram realizadas às 48, 96 e 192 h após a inoculação (hai). Água destilada, azoxystrobin (40 mg i.a. L-1 ) e acibenzolar-S-metil (75 mg i.a. L-1 ) foram utilizados como tratamentos controle. Foi detectada formação de H2O2 em 48 hai apenas para o tratamento com extrato de basidiocarpo. Para O2. , foi detectada a formação principalmente para o tratamento com extrato de micélio em 48 hai. Em 192 hai todos os tratamentos apresentaram reação para H2O2 e O2.- nas células epidérmicas e do mesófilo, provavelmente em decorrência do processo infeccioso. Estes resultados indicam o potencial dos extratos de P. sanguineus na indução de ERO's em feijoeiro no início da infecção, o que pode contribuir para a redução da severidade de antracnose.

First identification of natural infection of Rickettsia rickettsii in the Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick, in the State of Rio de Janeiro

The Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF) is a zoonotic disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma, more frequently, Amblyomma cajennense. The aim of this paper was to report the first molecular detection of R. rickettsii on R. sanguineus naturally infected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ticks were collected from dogs in a rural region of Resende municipality, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (22º30'9.46"S, 44º42'44.29"WO), where occurred five human cases of BSF in 2006. The ticks were identified under a stereoscopic microscope and separated in pools by stages, species and sex. DNA extraction was carried out using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN®). The DNA was submitted to PCR amplification using 04 set of primers: Rr190.70p/Rr190.602n (OmpA, 532bp), BG1-21/BG2-20 (OmpB, 650bp), Tz15/Tz16 (17 kDa protein-encoding gene, 246bp) and RpCS.877p/RpCS.1258n (gltA, 381bp). PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels and visualized under ultraviolet light with ethidium bromide. PCR products of the expected sizes were purified by QIAquick® and sequenced by ABI PRISM®. The generated nucleotide sequences were edited with using Bioedit® software and compared with the corresponding homologous sequences available through GenBank, using Discontiguous Mega Blast (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). It was confirmed R. rickettsii by sequencing of the material (GenBank FJ356230). The molecular characterization of R. rickettsii in the tick R. sanguineus emphasizes the role of dogs as carriers of ticks from the environment to home. Moreover, this result suggests that there is a considerable chance for active participation of R. sanguineus as one of tick species in the transmission of R. ricketsii to human being in the Brazilian territory.

Evidence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ticks were obtained from dogs from February to September of 1999 at weekly intervals, in the County of Piraí, State of Rio de Janeiro. Four hundred seventy four ixodids were taxonomically identified, 103 Amblyomma cajennense, seven Amblyomma ovale, 209 Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and 155 Amblyomma sp. An hemolymph test associated with Giemsa's stain revealed two specimens in 163 ticks tested (R. sanguineus and Amblyomma sp), containing rickettsia-like organisms. Direct immunofluorescence verified the presence of spotted fever group rickettsia in one specimen of R. sanguineus. Considering the limited information on rickettsiosis in Brazil, principally in relation to the vectors involved in perpetuating it in foci, these preliminary results give us an idea on the importance of infection in ticks, allowing to expand our knowledge on this zoonosis.

Rickettsia parkeri: a Rickettsial pathogen transmitted by ticks in endemic areas for spotted fever rickettsiosis in southern Uruguay

At first Rickettsia conorii was implicated as the causative agent of spotted fever in Uruguay diagnosed by serological assays. Later Rickettsia parkeri was detected in human-biting Amblyomma triste ticks using molecular tests. The natural vector of R. conorii, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, has not been studied for the presence of rickettsial organisms in Uruguay. To address this question, 180 R. sanguineus from dogs and 245 A. triste from vegetation (flagging) collected in three endemic localities were screened for spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiosis in southern Uruguay. Tick extracted DNA pools were subjected to PCR using primers which amplify a fragment of the rickettsial gltA gene. Positive tick DNA pools with these primers were subjected to a second PCR round with primers targeting a fragment of the ompA gene, which is only present in SFG rickettsiae. No rickettsial DNA was detected in R. sanguineus. However, DNA pools of A. triste were found to be positive for a rickettsial organism in two of the three localities, with prevalences of 11.8% to 37.5% positive pools. DNA sequences generated from these PCR-positive ticks corresponded to R. parkeri. These findings, joint with the aggressiveness shown by A. triste towards humans, support previous data on the involvement of A. triste as vector of human infections caused by R. parkeri in Uruguay.

SEROLOGICAL SURVEY OF Ehrlichia SPECIES IN DOGS, HORSES AND HUMANS: ZOONOTIC SCENERY IN A RURAL SETTLEMENT FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL

SUMMARY The aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of Ehrlichia spp. and risk factors for exposure in a restricted population of dogs, horses, and humans highly exposed to tick bites in a Brazilian rural settlement using a commercial ELISA rapid test and two indirect immunofluorescent assays (IFA) with E. canis and E. chaffeensis crude antigens. Serum samples from 132 dogs, 16 horses and 100 humans were used. Fifty-six out of 132 (42.4%) dogs were seropositive for E. canis. Dogs > one year were more likely to be seropositive for E. canis than dogs ≤ one year (p = 0.0051). Ten/16 (62.5%) and 8/16 (50%) horses were seropositive by the commercial ELISA and IFA, respectively. Five out of 100 (5%) humans were seropositive for E. canis and E. chaffeensis. Rhipicephalus sanguineus (n = 291, 97.98%) on dogs and Amblyomma cajennense (n = 25, 96.15%) on horses were the most common ticks found. In conclusion, anti-Ehrlichia spp. antibodies were found in horses; however, the lack of a molecular characterization precludes any conclusion regarding the agent involved. Additionally, the higher seroprevalence of E. canis in dogs and the evidence of anti-Ehrlichia spp. antibodies in humans suggest that human cases of ehrlichiosis in Brazil might be caused by E. canis, or other closely related species.

PARTICIPATION OF TICKS IN THE INFECTIOUS CYCLE OF CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS, IN TERESINA, PIAUÍ, BRAZIL

In this study, we detected Leishmania spp. infection in R. sanguineus collected from dogs that were naturally infected with L. (L.) infantum. We examined 35 dogs of both sexes and unknown ages. The infected dogs were serologically positive by the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Quick Test-DPP (Dual Path Platform), as well as parasitological examination of a positive skin biopsy or sternal bone marrow aspiration. Ten negative dogs were included as controls. The ticks that infested these dogs were collected in pools of 10 adult females per animal. The PCR was performed with specific primers for Leishmania spp., which amplified a 720-bp fragment. Of the 35 analyzed samples, a product was observed in eight samples (8/35; 22.9%). We conclude that the presence of parasite DNA suggests that ticks participate in the zoonotic cycle of canine visceral leishmaniasis, in the city of Teresina, Piauí.

Epidemiological aspects of the Brazilian spotted fever: seasonal activity of ticks collected in an endemic area in São Paulo, Brazil

Ticks were collected from vegetation and animals at monthly intervals during one year (1993-1994) in an endemic area of Brazilian spotted fever in the County of Pedreira, State of São Paulo. Six species of ticks were identified Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma cooperi, Amblyomma triste, Anocentor nitens, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Boophilus microplus. Only the first species was sufficiently numerous to permit a quantitative study with seasonal activity, although the distribution and source of capture of other species were observed and are reported. This information is correlated with the epidemiology of tick-borne rickettsiosis.