Identification and characterization of pathogenic Pestalotiopsis species to pecan tree in Brazil

The objective of this work was to characterize and cluster isolates of Pestalotiopsis species and to identify those that are pathogenic to pecan, based on morphological and molecular characters. Pestalotiopsis spp. isolates were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β?tubulin regions. Identification methods were compared to indicate the key morphological characters for species characterization. Thirteen isolates were used for the pathogenicity tests. Morphological characterization was performed using the following variables: mycelial growth rate, sporulation, colony pigmentation, and conidial length and width. Ten pathogenic isolates were identified, three as -tubulin regions. Identification methods were compared to indicate the key morphological characters for species characterization. Thirteen isolates were used for the pathogenicity tests. Morphological characterization was performed using the following variables: mycelial growth rate, sporulation, colony pigmentation, and conidial length and width. Ten pathogenic isolates were identified, three as Pestalotiopsis clavispora and three as P. cocculi. The other isolates remained as an undefined species. The morphological characters were efficient for an initial separation of the isolates, which were grouped according to differences at species level, mainly colony diameter, which was identified as an important morphological describer. Beta-tubulin gene sequencing was less informative than the ITS region sequencing for species identification.

Germination and development of pecan cultivar seedlings by seed stratification

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seed stratification on germination rate, germination speed, and initial development of seedlings of six pecan (Carya illinoinensis) cultivars under subtropical climatic conditions in southern Brazil. For stratification, the seeds were placed in boxes with moist sand, in a cold chamber at 4°C, for 90 days. In the fourteenth week after sowing, the emergence speed index, total emergence, plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves were evaluated. Seed stratification significantly improves the germination potential and morphological traits of the evaluated cultivars.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of pecan nut [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) C. Koch] shell aqueous extract on minimally processed lettuce leaves

Abstract Pecan nutshell is a residue from food industry that has potential to be used as biopreservative in foods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of pecan nutshell aqueous extract in vitro and its effectiveness to inhibit spoilage microorganisms on lettuce leaves. The results indicate that the aqueous extract presents inhibitory activity against important foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial activity was not observed against Corynebacterium fimi, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, and the phytopathogenic fungi tested. When applied onto lettuce leaves, pecan nutshell extract reduced the counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria in 2 and 4 log CFU/g, respectively, during storage of leafy for 5 days at refrigeration temperature (5 °C). The extract was not effective to inhibit yeast on lettuce leaves. Thus, the aqueous extract of pecan shell showed great potential to be used as a natural preservative in foods, acting mainly in the inhibition of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria.

Planejamento estatístico de experimentos como uma ferramenta para otimização das condições de biossorção de Cu(II) em batelada utilizando-se casca de nozes pecã como biossorvente

In order to reduce the total number of experiments for achieving the highest amount of adsorbed Cu2+ (qmax) using pecan nutshells (Carya illinoensis) as biosorbent, a full 2(4) factorial design with two central points was carried out (mass of biosorbent- m, pH, initial metallic ion concentration- C0, time of contact- t). In order to continue the optimization of the system, a central composite surface analysis design with two factors and five central points was carried out. The maximum amount of Cu2+ taken up by the pecan nutshells was 20 mg g-1. These results were confirmed by determining a Cu2+ isotherm using the best conditions attained by the statistical design of experiments.

Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade de plantas do estrato herbáceo em áreas de cultivo de árvores frutíferas

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar, em três épocas, a comunidade de plantas presentes em áreas de cultivo de abacateiro e de nogueira pecan, localizadas na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da FCA-UNESP, município de Botucatu-SP. Em decorrência da arquitetura da copa e do caráter decíduo das nogueiras, esta área apresenta-se mais ensolarada, o que produz condições ambientais diferentes entre as duas áreas estudadas. Foi estabelecida uma grade retangular composta de 55 parcelas quadradas, contíguas, com 5 m de lado, havendo 40 parcelas sob os abacateiros e 15 sob as nogueiras. As coletas foram realizadas em março, maio e agosto de 1993, quando foram sorteados quadrados de 1x 1 m em cada parcela, de forma a não haver coincidência entre as amostragens realizadas em cada época. Foram levantadas as espécies ocorrentes, sua porcentagem de cobertura e freqüência. Os dados foram analisados através de métodos multivariados, utilizando-se a Análise de Agrupamento para as seis situações (3 épocas x 2 ambientes). Foram coletadas, no total, 54 espécies, distribuídas em 38 gêneros e 19 famílias, sendo Asteraceae e Poaceae as que contribuíram com o maior número de espécies. A riqueza em espécies foi maior na área sob as nogueiras; em ambas as áreas, a riqueza foi maior na estação úmida. Sob os abacateiros, a porcentagem de cobertura total da comunidade apresentou pouca variação temporal, diferindo da área sob as nogueiras onde se observou flutuação deste parâmetro. O padrão de distribuição espacial, para quase todas as populações, foi do tipo agrupado. A similaridade florística foi maior entre as duas áreas dentro de cada época de coleta. A presença constante de espécies como Commelina nudiflora que contribuiu com valores elevados de cobertura nas três épocas de coleta, mostra a necessidade de utilizar métodos de controle permanentes na área do pomar estudado.