Gas-solid two-phase flow in the riser of circulating fluidized beds: mathematical modelling and numerical simulation

A mathematical model is developed for gas-solids flows in circulating fluidized beds. An Eulerian formulation is followed based on the two-fluids model approach where both the fluid and the particulate phases are treated as a continuum. The physical modelling is discussed, including the formulation of boundary conditions and the description of the numerical methodology. Results of numerical simulation are presented and discussed. The model is validated through comparison to experiment, and simulation is performed to investigate the effects on the flow hydrodynamics of the solids viscosity.

Advances in modelling of mechatronic systems: the toolset FASIM_C++ for the simulation of vehicle dynamics

The increasing complexity of controller systems, applied in modern passenger cars, requires adequate simulation tools. The toolset FASIM_C++, described in the following, uses complex vehicle models in three-dimensional vehicle dynamics simulation. The structure of the implemented dynamic models and the generation of the equations of motion applying the method of kinematic differentials is explained briefly. After a short introduction in methods of event handling, several vehicle models and applications like controller development, roll-over simulation and real-time-simulation are explained. Finally some simulation results are presented.

Fluid dynamic modelling and simulation of circulating fluidized bed reactors: importance of the interface turbulence transfer

The main objective of this work is to analyze the importance of the gas-solid interface transfer of the kinetic energy of the turbulent motion on the accuracy of prediction of the fluid dynamic of Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) reactors. CFB reactors are used in a variety of industrial applications related to combustion, incineration and catalytic cracking. In this work a two-dimensional fluid dynamic model for gas-particle flow has been used to compute the porosity, the pressure, and the velocity fields of both phases in 2-D axisymmetrical cylindrical co-ordinates. The fluid dynamic model is based on the two fluid model approach in which both phases are considered to be continuous and fully interpenetrating. CFB processes are essentially turbulent. The model of effective stress on each phase is that of a Newtonian fluid, where the effective gas viscosity was calculated from the standard k-epsilon turbulence model and the transport coefficients of the particulate phase were calculated from the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF). This work shows that the turbulence transfer between the phases is very important for a better representation of the fluid dynamics of CFB reactors, especially for systems with internal recirculation and high gradients of particle concentration. Two systems with different characteristics were analyzed. The results were compared with experimental data available in the literature. The results were obtained by using a computer code developed by the authors. The finite volume method with collocated grid, the hybrid interpolation scheme, the false time step strategy and SIMPLEC (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations - Consistent) algorithm were used to obtain the numerical solution.

Bubble-Bubble Interaction in Horizontal Two-Phase Slug Flow

Modelling of the slug structure requires a new effort on fundamental research. To clarify some aspects of the horizontal slug flow, an experimental study of the behaviour of two isolated bubbles in a single-phase liquid flow was performed. This procedure was adopted to avoid the overlap of different phenomena induced by a train of long bubbles. The experimental facility consists of a 90-m horizontal PVC pipe with internal diameter of 0,053 m. The behaviour of two single air bubbles travelling in a water flow was studied. Focus was given on the influence of the distance between the bubbles on the velocity of the second bubble. This study allows the understanding of the mechanism of overtaking that takes place right after the slug formation and that precedes the coalescence of bubbles in a slug flow. The results show that bubbles placed behind a liquid slug smaller than a critical value move faster than the leading one. Otherwise, they move slower than the leading one.

Horizontal Slug Flow in a Large-Size Pipeline: Experimentation and Modeling

The knowledge of the slug flow characteristics is very important when designing pipelines and process equipment. When the intermittences typical in slug flow occurs, the fluctuations of the flow variables bring additional concern to the designer. Focusing on this subject the present work discloses the experimental data on slug flow characteristics occurring in a large-size, large-scale facility. The results were compared with data provided by mechanistic slug flow models in order to verify their reliability when modelling actual flow conditions. Experiments were done with natural gas and oil or water as the liquid phase. To compute the frequency and velocity of the slug cell and to calculate the length of the elongated bubble and liquid slug one used two pressure transducers measuring the pressure drop across the pipe diameter at different axial locations. A third pressure transducer measured the pressure drop between two axial location 200 m apart. The experimental data were compared with results of Camargo's1 algorithm (1991, 1993), which uses the basics of Dukler & Hubbard's (1975) slug flow model, and those calculated by the transient two-phase flow simulator OLGA.

Validity of the Brazilian version of WHOQOL-BREF in depressed patients using Rasch modelling

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of the Brazilian version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument - Abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF) in adults with major depression, using Rasch modelling. METHODS: Study analyzing data from the baseline sample of the Longitudinal Investigation of Depression Outcomes in Brazil, including a total of 208 patients with major depression recruited in a primary care service in Porto Alegre (Southern Brazil), in 1999. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale was used to assess intensity of depression; the WHOQOL-BREF to assess generic quality of life; and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 2.1 for the diagnosis of depression. RESULTS: In the Rasch analysis, the four domains of WHOQOL-BREF showed appropriate fit to this model. Some items needed adjustments: four items were rescored (pain, finances, services, and transport); two items (work and activity) were identified as having dependency of responses, and one item was deleted (sleep) due to multidimensionality. CONCLUSIONS: The validation of the WHOQOL-BREF Brazilian version using Rasch analysis complements previous validation studies, evidencing the robustness of this instrument as a generic cross-cultural quality of life measure.

Hospitalization flow in the public and private systems in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE To describe the migration flows of demand for public and private hospital care among the health regions of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS Study based on a database of hospitalizations in the public and private systems of the state of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, in 2006. We analyzed data from 17 health regions of the state, considering people hospitalized in their own health region and those who migrated outwards (emigration) or came from other regions (immigration). The index of migration effectiveness of patients from both systems was estimated. The coverage (hospitalization coefficient) was analyzed in relation to the number of inpatient beds per population and the indexes of migration effectiveness. RESULTS The index of migration effectiveness applied to the hospital care demand flow allowed characterizing health regions with flow balance, with high emigration of public and private patients, and with high attraction of public and private patients. CONCLUSIONS There are differences in hospital care access and opportunities among health regions in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Calculating rabies virus neutralizing antibodies titres by flow cytometry

The determination of the rabies neutralizing antibody (VNA) response after immunization against rabies is an acceptable index of the efficacy of a vaccine and a successful treatment. Several tests have been developed in attempt to improve the assessment of VNA, from mice inoculation to cell-culture fluorescence inhibition tests. All of them, however, present special difficulties in terms of reading or accuracy. The present study describes a neutralization test performed in cell-culture appraised by flow cytometry (FC). Serial dilutions of the serum samples were mixed in vitro with rabies virus before the addition of BHK-21 cells. After 24h-incubation, cells were released by trypsin treatment, fixed and permeabilized with a p-formaldehyde solution and stained with a rabies virus nucleocapsid protein-specific antibody conjugate. The percentage of virus infection inhibition caused by specific antibodies present in the serum were evaluated in a Beckton & Dickinson FACSCalibur® flow cytometer. A correlation curve between the IU/ml content and the percentage of infective inhibition was built with a reference serum and the VNA titers of serum samples were obtained by extrapolation. Titers obtained by FC and standard test showed an effective pairing results (p < 0.01), with a correlation coefficient (r) = 0.7. These results permit to envisage the FC as a suitable technique to evaluate VNA in sera from immunized animals and likely in human serum samples. Nevertheless, new studies comparing FC to gold-standard techniques are required for determining the FC values of Sensibility and Specificity .

LATERAL FLOW ASSAY FOR CRYPTOCOCCAL ANTIGEN: AN IMPORTANT ADVANCE TO IMPROVE THE CONTINUUM OF HIV CARE AND REDUCE CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS-RELATED MORTALITY

SUMMARYAIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis continues to cause a substantial burden of death in low and middle income countries. The diagnostic use for detection of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen (CrAg) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by latex agglutination test (CrAg-latex) or enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) has been available for over decades. Better diagnostics in asymptomatic and symptomatic phases of cryptococcosis are key components to reduce mortality. Recently, the cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay (CrAg LFA) was included in the armamentarium for diagnosis. Unlike the other tests, the CrAg LFA is a dipstick immunochromatographic assay, in a format similar to the home pregnancy test, and requires little or no lab infrastructure. This test meets all of the World Health Organization ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User friendly, Rapid/robust, Equipment-free, and Delivered). CrAg LFA in serum, plasma, whole blood, or cerebrospinal fluid is useful for the diagnosis of disease caused by Cryptococcusspecies. The CrAg LFA has better analytical sensitivity for C. gattii than CrAg-latex or EIA. Prevention of cryptococcal disease is new application of CrAg LFA via screening of blood for subclinical infection in asymptomatic HIV-infected persons with CD4 counts < 100 cells/mL who are not receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. CrAg screening of leftover plasma specimens after CD4 testing can identify persons with asymptomatic infection who urgently require pre-emptive fluconazole, who will otherwise progress to symptomatic infection and/or die.

Flow cytometric quantitation of phagocytosis in heparinized complete blood with latex particles and Candida albicans

We report a rapid method for the flow cytometric quantitation of phagocytosis in heparinized complete peripherial blood (HCPB), using commercially available phycoerythrin-conjugated latex particles of 1µm diameter. The method is faster and shows greater reproducibility than Bjerknes' (1984) standard technique using propidium iodide-stained Candida albicans, conventionally applied to the leukocytic layer of peripherial blood but here modified for HCPB. We also report a modification of Bjerknes' Intracellular Killing Test to allow its application to HCPB.

Detection of Mycobacterium leprae infection in wild nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) using the rapid ML Flow test

Mycobaterium leprae infection was investigated in armadillos from the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The ML Flow test was performed on 37 nine-banded armadillos and positive results were found in 11 (29.7%). The ML Flow test may be used to identify possible sources of Mycobaterium leprae among wild armadillos.

Comportamento dos testes sorológicos ML Flow e ELISA (PGL-I) em áreas endêmica e não endêmica de hanseníase

O ML Flow e o ELISA PGL-I são testes sorológicos que detectam anticorpos IgM contra o glicolipídio fenólico I específico do Mycobacterium leprae. Para avaliar o comportamento destes testes em áreas endêmica e não endêmica para hanseníase foram estudados 351 voluntários no Brasil e no Chile, incluindo pacientes com hanseníase, controles sadios, portadores de outras doenças infecciosas, não infecciosas e dermatoses que fazem diagnóstico diferencial com hanseníase. O ponto de corte do ELISA foi estabelecido pelo método da Curva ROC (> 0,157). Em área endêmica, o ML Flow apresentou resultados positivos em 70% dos pacientes com hanseníase; o ELISA foi positivo em 53,3%. Em área não endêmica, o ML Flow foi negativo em todos os voluntários testados; o ELISA foi positivo em 4 voluntários. O ML Flow é um ensaio mais rápido, facilmente aplicável e, portanto, mais adequado para ser utilizado na Atenção Básica; o ELISA necessita, alem de uma infra-estrutura de laboratório adequada, pessoal treinado e especializado em sua execução.

Associação do teste sorológico ML Flow com a baciloscopia

Realizou-se estudo descritivo e exploratório relacionando as covariáveis aos resultados do teste sorológico ML Flow e baciloscopia. Foram estudados 60 casos novos de hanseníase diagnosticados no Centro de Referência em Dermatologia Sanitária. Para a baciloscopia, foi utilizada a coleta de esfregaço dérmico em quatro sítios, sendo o resultado expresso pelo índice bacilocópico. O ML Flow foi registrado de modo qualitativo e semi-quantitativo. Para o estudo da concordância, foi utilizado o índice de Kappa e, para sua interpretação, os critérios de Landis e Koch. Para análise estatística foram realizados a regressão logística e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O ML Flow mostrou forte associação com a baciloscopia, observou-se que o aumento gradativo do índice baciloscópico foi acompanhado pelo aumento semi-quantitativo dos níveis de anticorpos medidos pelo ML Flow, tendo sido positivo em 100% dos casos com baciloscopia positiva. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciaram que o ML Flow, por estar fortemente correlacionado à bacilocopia, poderá tornar-se um valioso instrumento auxiliar na classificação e alocação dos pacientes para fins de tratamento.

A influência do teste sorológico ML Flow na classificação da hanseníase

Estudo descritivo e exploratório correlacionando o ML Flow, a baciloscopia e a classificação em paucibacilar (PB) e multibacilar (MB), envolveu 1.041 casos novos com hanseníase em 13 municípios de Minas Gerais, de outubro de 2002 a março de 2004. A concordância entre o ML Flow e a classificação pelo número de lesões cutâneas e a baciloscopia foi moderada (Kappa:0,51 e 0,48, respectivamente) e, substancial (Kappa:0,77) com a classificação final. De janeiro de 2000 a março de 2004, a proporção de casos novos MB no Estado, passou de 78,1 para 65,8%. A queda no percentual de MB foi maior nos serviços participantes da pesquisa ML Flow (73,1 para 53,3%). A diferença de PB e MB nos serviços participantes e não participantes, de janeiro a março de 2004, foi estatisticamente significativa, indicando implicação direta e benéfica no tratamento e no controle da endemia em Minas Gerais.

Fatores de risco para a soropositividade do ML Flow em pacientes com hanseníase

O diagnóstico precoce da hanseníase, a correta classificação e o estudo dos fatores de risco relacionados à soropositividade, tornam-se importantes para o tratamento do doente e controle da endemia, especialmente, quando a responsabilidade pelo atendimento desses pacientes está sendo absorvida pelos serviços de atenção básica. Estudo descritivo e exploratório utilizando regressão logística avaliou a associação das variáveis: sexo, idade, modo de detecção, número de lesões cutâneas e de nervos acometidos, grau de incapacidade, baciloscopia, com o resultado do teste sorológico ML Flow, em 1.072 casos novos com hanseníase em 13 municípios de Minas Gerais. A soropositividade (50,7%) estava estatisticamente associada aos pacientes com 15 anos ou mais de idade (OR:2,6), mais de cinco lesões cutâneas (OR:7,5), mais de um nervo acometido (OR:2,4) e com baciloscopia positiva (OR:5,5 para IB<2 e OR:191,2 para IB>2), colaborando, assim, com a classificação e o tratamento adequados dos doentes.