Papaya pulp gelling: is it premature ripening or problems of water accumulation in the apoplast?

Gelled aspect in papaya fruit is typically confused with premature ripening. This research reports the characterization of this physiological disorder in the pulp of papaya fruit by measuring electrolyte leakage, Pi content, lipid peroxidation, pulp firmness, mineral contents (Ca, Mg and K - in pulp and seed tissues), and histological analysis of pulp tissue. The results showed that the gelled aspect of the papaya fruit pulp is not associated with tissue premature ripening. Data indicate a reduction of the vacuole water intake as the principal cause of the loss of cellular turgor; while the waterlogged aspect of the tissue may be due to water accumulation in the apoplast.

Potassium permanganate effects in postharvest conservation of the papaya cultivar Sunrise Golden

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of KMnO4 on the extension of postharvest life of 'Sunrise Golden' papaya, stored under modified atmosphere and refrigeration. Fruit with up to 10% yellow peel were harvested in a commercial orchard in Linhares, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Sets of three fruit (unit mass of 289.9±18.5 g) were wrapped in low-density polyethylene films (28 ¼m thick) containing sachets of KMnO4 at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 g per bag. The bags were sealed and stored at 10.4±0.9°C and 90±5% relative humidity for 25 days. After this period, the fruit were removed from the bags and maintained at 21±0.8°C and 90±5% relative humidity until complete ripening. Four days after bag sealing, CO2 concentration stabilized in all treatments, and was higher in bags without KMnO4. In all treatments, fruit reached the climacteric respiratory peak on the third day after bag removal, coinciding with peel color index of 3.5. Increasing the KMnO4 dose reduced the losses in fruit fresh matter, consistency and pulp electrolyte leakage. Potassium permanganate was effective in maintaining the fruit at the pre-climacteric stage during the 25-day storage, and did not interfere with normal ripening after bag removal.

Determination of thermal diffusivity in papaya pulp as a function of maturation stage

In order to determine the penetration of the thermal wave in the papaya fruit pulp (Carica papaya L.), cv. Golden, thermal diffusivity of the pulp was obtained measuring temperature at four different depths. Measurements were carried out initially with the fruit on the first stage of maturity. The changes of the thermal diffusivity were expressed as a function of ripening. A temporal decrease of the thermal diffusivity was observed. Chemical (pH, soluble solids and total titratable acidity) and physical (pulp firmness) properties were measured as well and the results were compared to the thermal diffusivity change.

Prediction of genetic gain from selection indices for disease resistance in papaya hybrids

In order to select superior hybrids for the concentration of favorable alleles for resistance to papaya black spot, powdery mildew and phoma spot, 67 hybrids were evaluated in two seasons, in 2007, in a randomized block design with two replications. Genetic gains were estimated from the selection indices of Smith & Hazel, Pesek & Baker, Williams, Mulamba & Mock, with selection intensity of 22.39%, corresponding to 15 hybrids. The index of Mulamba & Mock showed gains more suitable for the five traits assessed when it was used the criterion of economic weight tentatively assigned. Together, severity of black spot on leaves and on fruits, characteristics considered most relevant to the selection of resistant materials, expressed percentage gain of -44.15%. In addition, there were gains for other characteristics, with negative predicted selective percentage gain. The results showed that the index of Mulamba & Mock is the most efficient procedure for simultaneous selection of papaya hybrid resistant to black spot, powdery mildew and phoma spot.

Chemical treatment of papaya seeds aiming at long-term storage and control of damping off

Damping off is a nursery disease of great economic importance in papaya and seed treatment may be an effective measure to control. The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of papaya seeds treated with fungicides and stored under two environmental and packaging conditions. Additionally, the efficiency of fungicide treatments in the control of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani was evaluated. Papaya seeds were treated with the fungicides Captan, Tolylfluanid and the mixture Tolylfluanid + Captan (all commercial wettable powder formulations). Seeds of the control group were not treated. The seeds were stored for nine months in two conditions: packed in aluminum coated paper and kept at 7 ± 1ºC and in permeable kraft paper and kept in non-controlled environment. At the beginning of the storage and every three months the seed quality (germination and vigor tests), emergence rate index, height, dry mass and damping of plants in pre and post-emergence (in contaminated substrate and mycelia-free substrate) were analyzed. Both storage conditions as well as the fungicide treatments preserved the germination and seed vigor. In the infested substrate, seedling emergence was favored by fungicides, but in post-emergence, fungicides alone did not control the damping off caused by R. solani. Symptoms of damping off were not observed in the clean substrate. The results showed that the fungicide treatments may be used to pretreat papaya seed for long-term storage and commercialization.

Growth and nutrient accumulation in mycorrhized papaya seedlings cultivated in a phosphorus-fertilized substrate

ABSTRACT The indiscriminate use of mineral fertilizers in papaya orchards has increased production costs, and the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is a promising alternative to reduce such expenses. Therefore, the present research aimed at studying the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on dry matter and nutrient accumulation in Sunrise Solo papaya seedlings, by applying doses of P2O5 (triple superphosphate) that are harmful to the symbiosis. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment and was set up in a randomized block design with four replications, and consisted of four P2O5 doses (0, 672, 1386 and 2100 mg dm-3), three mycorrhizal fungi species (Gigaspora margarita, Entrophospora colombiana and Scutellospora heterogama) and the control treatment (mycorrhiza-free). Shoot and root dry matter as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in leaf and root tissues were assessed. Mycorrhizal inoculation promoted a 30% increase in shoot dry matter in relation to the control treatment. Mycorrhizal fungi promoted increases in leaf and root nitrogen content up to 672 mg dm-3 P2O5. Inoculation of E. colombiana favored the highest gains in root and shoot dry matter. P2O5 fertilization increased foliar and root phosphorus content.

Comparison of methods for classification of the coefficient of variation in papaya

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to study the distribution of values of the coefficient of variation (CV) in the experiments of papaya crop (Carica papaya L.) by proposing ranges to guide researchers in their evaluation for different characters in the field. The data used in this study were obtained by bibliographical review in Brazilian journals, dissertations and thesis. This study considered the following characters: diameter of the stalk, insertion height of the first fruit, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit biomass, fruit length, equatorial diameter of the fruit, pulp thickness, fruit firmness, soluble solids and internal cavity diameter, from which, value ranges were obtained for the CV values for each character, based on the methodology proposed by Garcia, Costa and by the standard classification of Pimentel-Gomes. The results obtained in this study indicated that ranges of CV values were different among various characters, presenting a large variation, which justifies the necessity of using specific evaluation range for each character. In addition, the use of classification ranges obtained from methodology of Costa is recommended.

Microbicidal effect of medicinal plant extracts (Psidium guajava Linn. and Carica papaya Linn.) upon bacteria isolated from fish muscle and known to induce diarrhea in children

Out of the twenty-four samples of shrimp and fish muscle used for this study, twelve were collected near a large marine sewer for waste disposal, 3 km off the coast of Fortaleza (Brazil) and used for the isolation of E. coli. Other twelve were collected at the Mucuripe fresh fish market (Fortaleza, Brazil) and used for the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Ethanol, water and acetone-diluted extracts of guava and papaya leaf sprouts were tested on the bacteria in order to verify their microbicidal potential. The E. coli strains used in the trials were rated LT positive. The papaya leaf extracts (Carica papaya Linn) showed no microbicidal activity while the guava sprout extracts (Psidium guajava Linn) displayed halos exceeding 13 mm for both species, an effect considered to be inhibitory by the method employed. Guava sprout extracts by 50% diluted ethanol most effectively inhibited E. coli (EPEC), while those in 50% acetone were less effective. It may be concluded that guava sprout extracts constitute a feasible treatment option for diarrhea caused by E. coli or by S. aureus-produced toxins, due to their quick curative action, easy availability in tropical countries and low cost to the consumer.

Efeito da fertilidade de terra preta de índio da Amazônia Central no estado nutricional e na produtividade do mamão hawaí (Carica papaya L.)

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da fertilidade de solos antropogênicos no estado nutricional e na produtividade do mamão Havaí (Carica papaya L.), conduziu-se o presente estudo em um plantio, localizado na Costa do Açutuba, Iranduba, AM, em Latossolo Amarelo antrópico em plantas com oito meses de idade e no início da produção de frutos, no período de agosto a outubro de 2003. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e nove repetições, constituídos de uma amostra composta por três plantas e trinta e seis unidades experimentais, sendo os tratamentos Tpn = plantio em terra preta não adubada; Tpa = plantio em terra preta adubada; Tm1 = plantio em terra mulata não adubada; Tm2 = plantio em terra mulata com um ano de pousio. O tratamento que apresentou maior produção foi o Tpa, com média de 61,10 frutos/planta, e o que apresentou menor produção foi o Tpn, com média de 18,18 frutos/planta. A acidez potencial em todos os tratamentos apresentou-se em níveis médios, mesmo com o manejo da fertilidade praticado nos últimos anos. Observou-se um desbalanço nutricional provocado pelos altos teores de P, Ca, Mg e baixo teor de K; todos os tratamentos apresentaram teores de Zn e Mn considerados tóxicos, enquanto que o Fe apresentou níveis adequados.

O brix na determinação da riqueza em açúcares do mamão como auxiliar no melhoramento do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.)

There is in the literature a noteworthy lack of sampling methods to be employed in the selection of papaya fruits for genetical improvement purposes. In the present experiment methods applied to melon and watermelon were extended to papaya with good results. The authors tried to correlate the solids content-as determined by a hand refractometer-with total sugars in the fruit. The correlation does exist being significant and positive. A regression equation was worked out; it permits to calculate the total sugar content provided the Brix value determined by the hand refractometer is known. The equation is as follows: a = 0.57 s where a = total amount of sugar as glucose, and s = total solids.

Nutrição mineral do mamoeiro: I. Curva de crescimento do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) em condições de campo

No município de Botucatu, SP, em um solo pertencente ao grande grupo Terra Roxa Estruturada, instalou-se um ensaio com o objetivo de se determinar a curva de crescimento do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.). O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As amostragens foram realizadas em intervalos mensais a partir do quarto ao décimo segundo mês após o plantio das mudas no campo. Cada amostra era composta de uma planta, onde se determinava: os pesos das matérias fresca e seca do caule, folhas e flores mais frutos, comprimento de diâmetro do caule a 10 cm do solo. Dentre outras observações, constatou-se que apesar das variações climáticas durante o primeiro ano de cultivo, o acumulo de matéria seca pela parte aérea total foi crescente e contínua.

Nutrição mineral do mamoeiro(Carica papaya L.): IV - desenvolvimento dos frutos e exportação de nutrientes através da colheita

Os propósitos deste trabalho foram: avaliar o desenvolvimento do fruto do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), determinar as variações das concentrações dos nutrientes durante seu crescimento e calcular as quantidades de nutrientes exportados pela colheita dos frutos. Dentre os resultados obtidos constatou-se que, as quantidades de nutrientes exportadas através da colheita, por tonelada de frutos foram: N-1.770g- P - 220 g; K-2.120 g; Ca-350 g; Mg - 180 g; S-200g: B-989 mg; Cu-130 mg; Fe-3.364 mg; Mn -1.847 mg; Mo-8 mg e Zn-1.385 mg.

Nutrição mineral do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.): II - deficiência de boro em condições de campo e casa de vegetação

Com o objetivo de caracterizar a deficiência de boro no mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) em condições de casa de vegetação e correlacionar com o problema que ocorre em condições de campo, conhecido como "careca do mamoeiro" ou "queda do chapéu", foram instalados dois ensaios. O primeiro foi conduzido em condições de campo no município de Botucatu, SP., em um solo pertencente ao grande grupo Terra Roxa Estruturada e de clima Cf.b.. O segundo ensaio foi conduzido em condições de casa de vegetação e soluções nutritivas. Os autores descrevem os sintomas de deficiência de boro em mamoeiro e correlacionam o problema conhecido como "careca do mamoeiro", com a deficiência de boro.

Nutrição mineral do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.): III - sintomatologia de carências nutricionais

Objetivando caracterizar as deficiências de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S em mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) em condições de casa de vegetação e soluções nutritivas, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho. Os autores descrevem os sintomas de carência dos macronutrientes, com exceção do enxofre, cujas plantas que receberam o tratamento deficiente neste nutriente, não mostraram sintomas, provavelmente por contaminação externa. Os níveis analíticos encontrados em folhas sadias e desnutridas, expressos em função da matéria seca foram: N-4,24% e 3,61%; P-0,52% e 0,14%; K-3,81% e 1,36%; Ca-1,29% e 0,28%; Mg-0,65 e 0,17%.

Nutrição mineral do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.): V. marcha de absorção de nutrientes em condições de campo

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida em condições de campo, no município de Botucatu - SP, em um solo pertencente ao grande grupo - Terra Roxa Estruturada e de clima Cf.b. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a marcha de absorção dos seguintes nutrientes: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn. Dentre os resultados obtidos constatouse que: a - a absorção de nutrientes pela parte aérea é crescente durante o primeiro ano da cultura, atingindo absorção máxima no décimo segundo mês. b - Em cultura de um ano, a absorção de nutrientes pela parte aérea, por planta, obedece a seguinte ordem: N - 66,7g; K - 62,8g; Ca 24,8g; Mg - 10,3g; S - 7,3g; P - 6,3g; Fe - 229,8 mg; Mn - 149,lmg; Zn - 79,7mg B - 74,2mg; Cu - 20,0mg; Mo - 0,15mg.