COLONIZATION OF PALM TREES BY Rhodnius neglectus AND HOUSEHOLD AND INVASION IN AN URBAN AREA, ARAÇATUBA, SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL

The objective of this study is to report on the colonization of palm trees by Rhodnius neglectus, its invasion in an urban area, in Araçatuba - São Paulo, and the control and surveillance measures that have been put in place. Domiciliary triatomine searches occurred in apartments upon the inhabitants' notification. The collected insects were identified and examined for natural infection and food sources with a precipitin test. To search the palm trees, tarps were used to cover the floor, and a “Munck” truck equipped with a tree-pruning device was utilized. Chemical control was performed with the utilization of a manual compression. In 2009, 81 specimens of Rhodnius neglectus were collected from the domiciles by the population. The precipitin test revealed a presence of human blood in 2.7% of the samples. Entomological studies were carried out in these domiciles and in those located within a radius of 200 meters. The search performed in the palm trees resulted in the capture of 882 specimens of triatomines, negative for tripanosomatids. Mechanical and chemical controls were carried out. New searches conducted in the palm trees in the same year resulted in the capture of six specimens. The mechanical and chemical controls of the palm trees, together with the population's work, proved to be effective, therefore preventing these insects' colonization of the city's domiciles.

The palm tree Copernicia cerifera (carnaúba) as an ecotope of Rhodnius nasutus in rural areas of the State of Piauí Northeastern Brazil

The C. cerifera palm tree (carnaúba) is widely distributed in the Northeastem Brazil, including the State of Piauí. This investigation revealed that R. nasutus is the ortly triatomine species captured on that palm tree, in five different localities. 78% of palm trees were infested with triatomines, and 4.0% were infected with flagellates morphologically and biologically indistinguishable from Trypanosoma cruzi. Birds, rodents and marsupials were found as major blood meai sources for R. nasutus.

The exotic palm Roystonea oleracea(Jacq.) O.F. Cook as a rural biotype for Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954, in Caçu, State of Goiás

IntroductionRhodnius neglectus is a triatomine that colonizes different palm species. In this study, we aimed to describe the presence of this triatomine bug in the royal palms (Roystonea oleracea) in a rural region of the State of Goiás.MethodsPalm infestation was investigated by dissecting the palms or by using live-bait traps.ResultsTwo palm trees were infested by R. neglectusnegative for Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent for Chagas disease. In the study area, R. neglectus is frequently found in households.ConclusionsThe adaptation of this species to palm trees introduced in Brazil for landscaping purposes poses another challenge for controlling the vectors of Chagas disease.

Wood density of trees in black water floodplains of Rio Jaú National Park, Amazonia, Brazil

The Jaú National Park is the largest protected forested area in the world. The Vitória Amazônica Foundation is working towards understanding its ecosystem, to which this paper contributes. Wood density was analysed in 27 common tree species growing in the blackwater flood-plains of the Rio Jaú, an affluent of the Rio Negro (Amazonia, Brazil). Wood was sampled with an increment borer. Mean wood density of the analysed species ranged from 0.35 to 0.87 g cm-3. The mean of all sampled species was 0.67 g cm-3 (st. dev. 0.13). Lowest density was found for Hevea spruceana with 0.32 g cm-3 and highest for Crudia amazonica with 0.9 g cm-3.

Estudo antropométrico da população infantil da calha do Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. III - parque nacional do Jaú

Foi realizado no Parque Nacional do Jaú (1999) estudo transversal, onde avaliou-se o estado nutricional de 49 pré-escolares e 130 escolares, adotando-se os critérios propostos pela OMS (1986). Segundo estes critérios, 23,9% dos pré-escolares e 9,4% dos escolares apresentavam inadequação no indicador "altura/idade" (desnutrição crônica). A inadequação no indicador "peso/altura" (desnutrição aguda) foi constatada em apenas 2,2% dos pré-escolares e 1,6% dos escolares. Estes resultados evidenciam as precárias condições de saúde e nutrição da referida população.

Dinastíneos (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) do parque nacional do Jaú, Amazonas, Brasil

Besouros dinastíneos foram coletados no Parque Nacional do Jaú, Estado do Amazonas, entre julho de 1993 a junho 1996, em dias de Lua minguante e nova, em 5 localidades diferentes, abrangendo principalmente a região dos baixos cursos dos rios Jaú, Carabinani e Unini. Utilizou-se para as coletas luz mista de mercúrio de 250 W e duas lâmpadas ultra-violeta, black-light (BL) e black-light blue (BLB), sobre um lençol branco em períodos diários de 12 horas consecutivas. Foram identificadas 34 espécies de 14 gêneros, sendo as espécies da tribo Cyclocephalini as mais representadas (19 espécies), seguidas por Oryetini (6 spp.), Phileurini (4 spp.), Pentodontini (3 spp.) e Dynastini com 2 espécies.

Esfingofauna (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) do Parque Nacional do Jaú e arredores, Amazonas, Brasil

A fauna de esfingídeos (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) foi estudada no Parque Nacional do Jaú e arredores, Amazonas, Brasil, durante o período de julho de 1993 a junho de 1996. O método empregado para as coletas foi luz mista de mercúrio e luz negra UV montadas sobre um lençol branco em períodos de 12 horas consecutivas. Foram coletados 2362 espécimes de 25 gêneros e 79 espécies, com a predominância de espécies das tribos Dilophonotini (45 espécies), seguida por Sphingini (13 spp.), Macroglossini (8 spp.), Philampelini (7 spp.) e Ambulycini (6 spp.). Os dados são comparados a outras áreas da Amazônia brasileira: Município de Itacoatiara (AM), Ilha de Maracá e Pacaraima (RR). Apresenta-se uma lista das espécies de esfingídeos incluindo 16 registros novos para o Estado do Amazonas e igualmente para todas as localidades em que foram coletadas.

Composição da comunidade de diatomáceas periféricas do rio Jaú, Amazonas, Brasil

Foi realizado um estudo da flora perifítica de diatomáceas (Bacillariophyceae) existente no Rio Jaú, tributário do Rio Negro, Amazônia (2º57'S e 61º49'W). As coletas foram realizadas manualmente nas cheias de 1995, 1996 e 1997, e as lâminas permanentes encontram-se depositadas no Herbário FLOR, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Foram identificados 60 táxons específicos e infra-específicos, distribuidos em 16 gêneros e 13 famílias. Eunotiaceae foi a família melhor representada, com 43,3% do total dos táxons inventariados, seguida de Pinnulariaceae com 21,6% e Surirellaceae com 11,6%. O gênero Eunotia destacou-se dentre os demais com 20 táxons. Eunotia e Pinnularia foram os gêneros mais abundantes da flora diatomológica e os que apresentaram maior variação morfológica. Para cada táxon identificado foi feita uma revisão de literatura que incluem diversos aspectos ecológicos.

Cross-scale determinants of palm species distribution

We investigate palm species distribution, richness and abundance along the Mokoti, a seasonally-dry river of southeastern Amazon and compare it to the patterns observed at a large scale, comprising the entire Brazilian territory. A total of 694 palms belonging to 10 species were sampled at the Mokoti River basin. Although the species showed diverse distribution patterns, we found that local palm abundance, richness and tree basal area were significantly higher from the hills to the bottomlands of the study region, revealing a positive association of these measures with moisture. The analyses at the larger spatial scale also showed a strong influence of vapor pressure (a measure of moisture content of the air, in turn modulated by temperature) and seasonality in temperature: the richest regions were those where temperature and humidity were simultaneously high, and which also presented a lower degree of seasonality in temperature. These results indicate that the distribution of palms seems to be strongly associated with climatic variables, supporting the idea that, by 'putting all the eggs in one basket' (a consequence of survival depending on the preservation of a single irreplaceable bud), palms have become vulnerable to extreme environmental conditions. Hence, their distribution is concentrated in those tropical and sub-tropical regions with constant conditions of (mild to high) temperature and moisture all year round.

Hybotinae (Diptera, Hybotidae) do Parque Nacional do Jaú, Amazonas, Brasil, com descrição de cinco espécies novas de Syneches Walker

A composição de Hybotinae do Parque Nacional do Jaú foi estudada. Dezesseis espécies de Hybotinae são registradas e cinco espécies novas de Syneches Walker são descritas e ilustradas: Syneches hispidus sp. nov., S. jauensis sp. nov., S. longiflagellatus sp. nov., S. rafaeli sp. nov. e S. vidali sp. nov.

Palm community transitions along a topographic gradient from floodplain to terra firme in the eastern Amazon

Palms show clear niche segregation patterns along topographic gradients in tropical forests, with some species associated to terra firme and others to seasonally flooded areas. The aim of this study was to quantitatively describe the fine-scale spatial variation within a palm community, tracking the changes in species' abundance along environmental gradients associated with a perennial stream the eastern Amazon. The study of palm communities was based on 60 forest plots in which all adult palms were counted. We found a total of 566 palms in a community containing 11 species. Furthermore, we found a significant separation in the palm community between seasonally-flooded and terra firme forests. We found a gradient with various densities of the three most abundant palm species within the first 100 m away from the flooded area. Other species were located exclusively in the terra firme forest. The abundance of the six most common species were distributed in relation to humidity gradients from floodplains to terra firme, with palm distribution from the most flood-tolerant to the least flood-tolerant palm species as follows: Euterpe oleracea, Attalea phalerata and Socratea exorrhiza (species with floodplain affinity), Astrocaryum gynacanthum, Astrocaryum aculeatum, Attalea maripa (species with terra firme affinity)

Activity and Residual Effect of Two Formulations of Lambdacyhalothrin Sprayed on Palm Leaves to Rhodnius prolixus

The insecticidal activity and residual effect of two formulations of lambdacyhalothrin were evaluated with Rhodnius prolixus;laboratory and field tests were conducted in the State of Chiapas, Mexico. The results indicate that the lethal concentrations of the active ingredient of SC (LC50 = 2.37 and LC90 = 8.5 mg, a.i./m²) were 4-8 times than those with the insecticide WP applied on R. prolixus bugs in palm leaves, a common building material for thatched roofs. Other investigators in South America recommended applying 30 mg a.i./m² in porous materials; we obtained that the products WP and SC were 3.5 and 16 times more effective on palm leaves. Regarding the evaluation of the residual effects in field spraying, there was up to 15 months persistence after the application of WP in two doses (8.6 mg a.i./m² and 3.752 mg a.i./m²) with SC. We consider R. prolixus highly susceptible to the employed pyrethroids; they could be used to control this vector in the state of Chiapas, Mexico.