41 resultados para Page, Walter Hines, 1855-1918.
em Scielo Saúde Pública - SP
Resumo:
O principal objetivo do artigo é analisar as relações entre o Brasil e a África do Sul em perspectiva histórica. Uma vez iniciadas, essas relações atravessaram três grandes fases. No primeiro momento, que foi de 1918 a 1947, prevaleceu o comércio como fator da aproximação, constituindo-se tal período em momento de encontros e descobertas mútuas. A segunda fase, de 1947 a 1991, foi marcada pelo estabelecimento de relações diplomáticas e pelo gradual distanciamento entre os dois países. A última grande fase vem sendo marcada pela reaproximação entre Brasília e Pretória, uma vez que foi removido o principal empecilho para a concretização de relações prósperas entre os dois países, ou seja, o fim da política de apartheid. Durante esse último período, iniciado com o processo de democratização da África do Sul no alvorecer da década de 1990, há o renascimento das relações, em um contexto em que se vislumbra a possibilidade do estabelecimento de uma parceria estratégica, que interessa diretamente aos dois países.
Resumo:
Nowadays 70% of the world's rubber supply is synthesized artificially. The process involved in its manufacture is vulcanization which requires many chemical substances for speeding the process, as antioxidants to prevent deterioration of rubber, or others. These substances may constitute important sensitizers and thus be responsible for dermatological diseases like contact dermatitis. The objective of this study is to search for the main sensitizers among these rubber chemicals in a population mostly composed by women of a tropical country and compare the results with the ones obtained from previous studies which tested populations mainly composed by men and on different climates.
Resumo:
The objective of the present study is to standardize the technical variables for preparation and storage of Plasmodium falciparum and of antigen components extracted with the amphoteric detergent Zwittergent. P. falciparum obtained from in vitro culture was stored at different temperatures and for different periods of time. For each variable, antigen components of the parasite were extracted in the presence or absence of protease inhibitors and submitted or not to later dialysis. Products were stored for 15, 30 and 60 days at different temperatures and immunological activity of each extract was determined by SDS-PAGE and ELISA using positive or negative standard sera for the presence of IgG directed to blood stage antigens of P. falciparum. Antigen extracts obtained from parasites stored at -20oC up to 10 days or at -70oC for 2 months presented the best results, showing well-defined bands on SDS-PAGE and Western blots and presenting absorbance values in ELISA that permitted safe differentiation between positive and negative sera.
Resumo:
Na Reserva Florestal Walter Egler, localizada a 64 km de Manaus, no município de Rio Preto da Eva, foi investigada a ocorrência de Pteridófitas ao longo de uma toposseqüência. O grupo ocorre nos três ambientes observados na área (baixio, vertente e platô) com diferença tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa. Foram registrados 375 indivíduos, distribuídos em oito famílias, 10 gêneros e 17 espécies; entre epífitas, hemiepífitas, herbáceas e arbóreas. Das 8 famílias, 4 ocorrem em todos os ambientes: Dennstaedtiaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Dryopteridaceae e Lomariopsidaceae, enquanto, Cyatheaceae e Vittariaceae ocorrem apenas no baixio. Das 17 espécies encontradas, sete ocorrem apenas no baixio, três na vertente e cinco são comuns em todos os ambientes.
Resumo:
Foi realizado um estudo dos representantes da Ordem Agaricales Clements (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycotina), ocorrentes na Reserva Biológica Walter Egler, situada na Estrada AM-010, Manaus-Itacoatiara, Km 64, Latitude 02° 43' S e Longitude 59° 47' W, Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas. A área abrange 709 ha de floresta de terra firme primária. As coletas foram realizadas no período de dezembro de 2000 a junho de 2001 e seguiu-se a metodologia usual para identificação de Agaricales. Foram estudadas um total de 39 espécies, distribuídas em 13 gêneros e seis famílias: Polyporaceae: Pleurotus sp.; Hygrophoraceae: Hygrocybe cf. megistospora, Hygrocybe aff. miniceps, Hygrocybe occidentalis var. scarletina, e mais oito espécies de Hygrocybe indeterminadas; Tricholomataceae: Clitocybe sp., Hydropus sp.1 e Hydropus sp.2, Macrocystidia sp., Marasmiellus sp., Marasmius bellus, Marasmius haedinus var. haedinus,Marasmius cf. leoninus, Marasmius cf. mazatecus, Marasmius cf. ruber,Marasmius cf. setulosifolius, Marasmius tageticolor, Marasmius cf. variabiliceps var. variabiliceps, Marasmius sp.1, Marasmius sp.2, Marasmius sp.3 e Marasmius sp.4, Tricholoma sp.; Agaricaceae: Agaricus sp.1 e Agaricus sp.2, Lepiota sp., Cystoderma sp.; Entolomataceae: Entoloma cf. azureoviride, Entoloma cf. cystidiophorum, Entoloma strigosissima, Entoloma sp.; Russulaceae: Lactarius panuoides. Destas, Entoloma azureoviride, Hygrocybe miniceps, Lactarius panuoides, Marasmius cf. mazatecus, Marasmius cf. setulosifolius e Marasmius variabiliceps var. variabiliceps, provavelmente, estão sendo aqui citadas pela primeira vez, para o Brasil. Com exceção de Marasmius tageticolor, as demais espécies são citadas pela primeira vez, para a Reserva Egler. São fornecidas tabelas com a ocorrência das espécies de acordo com o gradiente topográfico (baixio, vertente, platô) e seus respectivos habitats.
Resumo:
O gênero Marasmius Fr. (Tricholomataceae, Agaricales) compreende fungos comumente conhecidos como cogumelos. São cosmopolitas, mas muito mais numerosos em corpos de frutificação e espécies nas regiões tropicais do que em regiões temperadas ou frias. Ocorrem mais freqüentemente sobre madeira ou folhas mortas ou vivas e mais raramente entre musgos ou gramíneas no solo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo de estudo os representantes do gênero Marasmius Fr. ocorrentes na Reserva Biológica Walter Alberto Egler, município de Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas. As coletas foram realizadas no período de dezembro de 2000 a junho de 2001 e seguiu-se a metodologia usual para identificação de Agaricales. Foi estudado um total de nove espécies: Marasmius bellus, Marasmius haedinus var. haedinus,Marasmius cf. leoninus, Marasmius cf. mazatecus, Marasmius cf. ruber,Marasmius cf. setulosifolius, Marasmius tageticolor, Marasmius cf. variabiliceps var. variabiliceps e Marasmius sp. Os táxons Marasmius cf. mazatecus, Marasmius cf. setulosifolius e Marasmius cf. variabiliceps var. variabiliceps são citados pela primeira vez para o Brasil. Com exceção de M. tageticolor Berk, as demais espécies são citadas pela primeira vez para a Reserva Walter Egler. São apresentadas descrições morfológicas, chave para identificação dos taxa e ilustrações.
Resumo:
O Estado do Pará é o principal produtor brasileiro de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum Link), entretanto a sua produção tem sido bastante afetada pela doença conhecida como fusariose. O Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis é o agente causador desta doença que afeta o sistema radicular da planta, causando o apodrecimento das raízes e a queda das folhas levando à morte da planta. Algumas piperáceas nativas da região amazônica, entre elas a espécie Piper tuberculatum Jacq., têm se mostrado resistentes à infecção pelo F. solani f. sp. piperis, e desta forma têm sido utilizadas em estudos de interação planta-patógeno. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas cinco condições de extração de proteínas com o objetivo de selecionar tampões adequados para a extração de proteínas totais de folhas e raízes de P. tuberculatum. Os tampões utilizados para a extração de proteínas de raízes e folhas foram: tampão salino, tampão sacarose, tampão glicerol, tampão uréia e tampão fosfato de sódio. As análises quantitativas mostraram que os tampões sacarose, glicerol e uréia foram mais eficientes na extração de proteínas de folhas e raízes. Análises de SDS-PAGE mostraram padrões diferenciados de bandas em extratos protéicos de folhas e raízes obtidos com os diferentes tampões. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribuem para a identificação de tampões de extração adequados para a obtenção de amostras de proteínas totais em estudos de interação P. tuberculatum - F. solani f. sp. piperis.
Resumo:
Biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) (Lep., Adelocephalidae), a pest of Luehea spp. (Tiliaceae), and notes on its natural enemies. In the beginning of 1950, one of the Authors made some observations about the biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker), in Piracicaba, State of S. Paulo, Brazil. From 1951 to 1953, both Authors continued the observations on such an important Adelocephalidae, the caterpillars of which represent a serious pest of Luehea spp. leaves. Actually, in some occasions, the caterpillars can destroy completely the leaves of the trees. The species is efficientely controlled by two natural enemies: an egg parasite (Tetrastichus sp., Hym., Eulophidae) and a fly attacking the last instar caterpillar (Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp), Dip., Tachinidae). Tetrastichus sp. can destroy 100% of the eggs and the fly, 70 to 100% of the caterpillars. Indeed, facts as such are very interesting because we rarely know of a case of so complete a control of a pest by an insect. A. xanthopus had not yet been mentioned in our literature. Actually neither the systematic bibliography nor the economic one has treated of this species. However, a few other species of Arsenura are already known as living on Luehea spp. According to the Authors' observations, W. tricolor was also unknown by the Brazilian entomological literature. Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) After giving the sinonimy and a few historical data concerning the species, and its geographical distribution, the Authors discuss its placing in the genus Arsenura Duncan or Rhescyntis Huebner, finishing by considering Arsenura xanthopus as a valid name. The Authors put the species in the family Adelocephalidae, as it has been made by several entomologists. The host plant The species of Tiliaceae plants belonging to the genus Luehea are called "açoita-cavalo" and are well known for the usefulness of their largely utilized wood. The genus comprises exclusively American plants, including about 25 species distributed throughout the Latin America. Luehea divaricata Mart, is the best known species and the most commonly cultivated. Biology of Arsenura xanthopus Our observations show that the species passes by 6 larval stages. Eggs and egg-postures, all the 6 instars of the caterpillars as well as the chrysalid are described. The pupal period is the longest of the cycle, taking from 146 to 256 days. Data on the eclosion and habits of the caterpillars are also presented. A redescription of the adult is also given. Our specimens agreed with BOUVIER's description, except in the dimension between the extremities of the extended wings, which is a little shorter (107 mm according to BOUVlErVs paper against from 80 to 100mm in our individuals). Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp, 1890) Historical data, geographical distribution and host are first related. W. tricolor had as yet a single known host-; Ar^-senura armida (Cramer). This chapter also contains some observations on the biolcn gy of the fly and on its behaviour when trying to lay eggs on the caterpillars' skin. The female of W. tricolor lays from 1 to 33 eggs on the skin of the last instar caterpillar. The mam region of the body where the eggs are laid are the membranous legs. Eggs are also very numerous oh the ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen. The. preference for such regions is easily cleared up considering the position assumed by the caterpillar when fixed motionless in a branch. In such an occasion, the fly approaches, the victim, puts the ovipositor out and lays the eggs on different parts of the body, mainly on the mentioned regions, which are much more easily reached. The eggs of the fly are firmly attached to the host's skin, being almost impossible to detach them, without having them broken. The minute larvae of the fly enter the body of, the host when it transforms into chrysalid. Chrysalids recentely formed and collected in nature f requentely show a few small larvae walking on its skin and looking for an adequate place to get into the body. A few larvae die by remaining in the skin of the caterpillar which is pushed away to some distance by the active movements of the chrysalid recentely formed. From 1 to 10 larvae completely grown may emerge from the attacked chrysalid about 8 days after their penetrating into the caterpillars' body and soon begin to look for an adequate substratum where they can transform themselves into pupae. In natural conditions, the metamorphosis occurs in the soil. The flies appear within 15 days. Tetrastichus sp. This microhymenoptera is economically the most interesting parasite, being commonly able to destroy the whole pos^ ture of the moth. Indeed, some days after the beginning of the infestation of the trees, it is almost impossible to obtain postures completely free of parasites. The active wasp introduces the ovipositor into the egg of the moth, laying its egg inside, from 80 to 120 seconds after having introduced it. A single adult wasp emerges from each egg. Sarcophaga lambens Wiedemann, 1830 During the observations carried out, the Authors obtained 10 flies from a chysalid that were recognized as belonging to the species above. S. lambens is a widely distributed Sarcophagidae, having a long list of hosts. It is commonly obtained from weak or died invertebrates, having no importance as one of their natural enemies. Sinonimy, list of hosts and distribution are presented in this paper. Control of Arsenura xanthopus A test has been carefully made in the laboratory just to find out the best insecticide for controlling A. xanthopus caterpillars. Four different products were experimented (DDT, Pa-rathion, BHC and Fenatox), the best results having been obtained with DDT at 0,25%. However, the Authors believe in spite of the initial damages of the trees, that the application of an insecticide may be harmful by destroying the natural agents of control. A biological desiquilibrium may in this way take place. The introduction of the parasites studied (Tetrastichus sp. and Winthemia tricolor) seems to be the most desirable measure to fight A. xanthopus.
Resumo:
In this paper, the writers present a summary of their investigations on Rothschildia arethusa (Walker, 1855) ( Lepidoptera, Saturniidae ) performed at the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The larva was found to feed on "bacupari do mato" (Rheedia sp.) ( Guttiferae ). Some bionomical notes on the larval and pupal stages and the description of the adult are the mainly subject.