Quality uncertainty and allocation of decision rights in the European protected designation of origin

The paper considers some issue in the governance of the European Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). The PDO systems are the outcomes of both farmers and consumers expectations and connect the valorisation of the agricultural and rural resources of given territories to the quality of typical products. A critical point in the governance of the PDO systems is represented by the connection between the quality strategies and the uncertainty. The paper argues that the PDO systems can be thought of as strictly coordinated subsystems in which the ex post governance play a critical role in coping with quality uncertainty. The study suggests that the society's inducements given raise to complex organizational systems in which the allocation of decision rights to PDO collective organizations play a major role. The empirical analysis is carried out by examining ten Italian PDO systems in order to identify the decision rights allocated.

Qualidade, fenóis e enzimas oxidativas de uva 'Itália' sob influência do cálcio, durante a maturação

Este trabalho foi realizado na Empresa Timbaúba Agrícola S.A., em Petrolina, PE, visando avaliar o efeito da aplicação, pré-colheita, de Ca, sobre a qualidade, teores de fenóis e atividade de enzimas oxidativas da uva (Vitis vinifera L.) 'Itália', durante a maturação. Utilizaram-se doses de Ca de 0, 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5%, na forma de cloreto de Ca diidratado, via imersão por 10 segundos, na fase de mudança de cor e início de amolecimento das bagas (57 dias após a formação dos frutos), em cachos marcados. Realizaram-se avaliações aos 28, 43, 57, 72 e 92 dias após a formação dos frutos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, num fatorial 4 x 5, com quatro repetições. Analisaram-se as variáveis: sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), relação SST/ATT, pH, fenóis totais e atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase (PPO) e peroxidase (PDO). Com o aumento das doses de Ca, o teor de SST e a relação SST/ATT foram reduzidos. Entretanto, os valores de SST verificados atenderam à exigência de mercado. A atividade da PDO foi reduzida em 13,26% pelo Ca na dose de 1,0% e aumentada em 27,15% pelo Ca 1,5%, em comparação com a da testemunha. As demais variáveis não sofreram efeito do Ca exógeno.

Lagrangian multipliers for coast-arcs of optimum space trajectories

Some properties of generalized canonical systems - special dynamical systems described by a Hamiltonian function linear in the adjoint variables - are applied in determining the solution of the two-dimensional coast-arc problem in an inverse-square gravity field. A complete closed-form solution for Lagrangian multipliers - adjoint variables - is obtained by means of such properties for elliptic, circular, parabolic and hyperbolic motions. Classic orbital elements are taken as constants of integration of this solution in the case of elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic motions. For circular motion, a set of nonsingular orbital elements is introduced as constants of integration in order to eliminate the singularity of the solution.

Wheat Yield Loss in a Two Species Competition with Emex australis and Emex spinosa

Emex australis and E. spinosa are significant weed species in wheat and other crops. Information on the extent of competition of the Emex species will be helpful to access yield losses in wheat. Field experiments were conducted to quantify the interference of tested weed densities each as single or mixture of both at 1:1 on their growth and yield, wheat yield components and wheat grain yield losses in two consecutive years. Dry weight of both weed species increased from 3-6 g m-2 with every additional plant of weed, whereas seed number and weight per plant decreased with increasing density of either weed. Both weed species caused considerable decrease in yield components like spike bearing tillers, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight of wheat with increasing density population of the weeds. Based on non-linear hyperbolic regression model equation, maximum yield loss at asymptotic weed density was estimated to be 44 and 62% with E. australis, 56 and 70% with E. spinosa and 63 and 72% with mixture of both species at 1:1 during both year of study, respectively. It was concluded that E. spinosa has more competition effects on wheat crop as compared to E. australis.