Metilglioxal: uma toxina endógena?

Methylglyoxal is a very reactive α-oxoaldehyde putatively produced by glycolysis, cytochrome P450-catalyzed acetone oxidation and aminoacetone oxidation. Methylglyoxal has been pointed as a substrate for the glyoxalase system ultimately energy-yielding pyruvate, but methylglyoxal is also a toxicant involved in protein aggregation and DNA modification. Controversial hypothesis on methylglyoxal as an anticancer agent, an energy-yielding glycolysis intermediates, and as a regulator of cell division have also been proposed. Methylglyoxal research focuses now on unveiling its biological properties and on the discovery of drugs capable to inhibit its toxic effects, principally in diabetes.

Isolation and characterization of the full-length cDNA encoding a member of a novel cytochrome p450 family (CYP320A1) from the tropical freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni

Cytochrome p450s (cyp450s) are a family of structurally related proteins, with diverse functions, including steroid synthesis and breakdown of toxins. This paper reports the full-length sequence of a novel cyp450 gene, the first to be isolated from the tropical freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, an important intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. The nucleotide sequence is 2291 bp with a predicted amino acid sequence of 584aa. The sequence demonstrates conserved cyp450 structural motifs, but is sufficiently different from previously reported cyp450 sequences to be given a new classification, CYP320A1. Initially identified as down-regulated in partially resistant snails in response to S. mansoni infection, amplification of this gene using RT-PCR in both totally resistant or susceptible snail lines when exposed to infection, and all tissues examined, suggests ubiquitous expression. Characterization of the first cyp450 from B. glabrata is significant in understanding the evolution of these metabolically important proteins.

HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of oxidized di-caffeoylquinic acids generated by metalloporphyrin-catalyzed reactions

This paper reports an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS investigation on the oxidation of 3,5- and 4,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid using iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin chloride as catalyst. Two major mono-oxidised products of the quinic acid moiety have been identified for both compounds. However, only the 4,5-derivative afforded two different tri-oxo products. Thus, it seems that the oxidation pattern depends on the number and positions of the caffeic acid moieties present in caffeoylquinic acid molecules.

Efficient synthesis of sulfonamide derivatives on solid supports catalyzed using solvent-free and microwave-assisted methods

In this work we report the synthesis of sulfonamide derivatives using a conventional procedure and with solid supports, such as silica gel, florisil, alumina, 4Å molecular sieves, montmorillonite KSF, and montmorillonite K10 using solvent-free and microwave-assisted methods. Our results show that solid supports have a catalytic activity in the formation of sulfonamide derivatives. We found that florisil, montmorillonite KSF, and K10 could be used as inexpensive alternative catalysts that are easily separated from the reaction media. Additionally, solvent-free and microwave-assisted methods were more efficient in reducing reaction time and in increasing yield.

Biomimetic oxidation of carbamazepine with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by a manganese porphyrin

This laboratory project is planned for an undergraduate chemistry laboratory in which students prepare a manganese porphyrin able to mimic the oxidative metabolism of carbamazepine, one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in the treatment of epilepsy. The in vitro oxidation of carbamazepine results in the formation of the corresponding 10,11-epoxide, the main in vivo metabolite. The reaction is catalyzed by manganese porphyrin in the presence of H2O2, an environmentally-friendly oxidant. Through this project students will develop their skills in organic synthesis, coordination chemistry, chromatographic techniques such as TLC and HPLC, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and NMR spectroscopy.

Preparation and immobilization of diNOsarcobalt(III) complex in zeolite y for the catalyzed production of hydrogen peroxide

A complex cation, diNOsarcobalt(III), [Co(diNOsar)]3+, (diNOsar = 1,8-dinitro-3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo-[6.6.6]eicosane), was synthesized and immobilized in the cavities of a Y zeolite by the reaction of precursor species in the pores of the zeolite. The encapsulated material was compared to the compound diNOsarcobalt(III) chloride, [Co(diNOsar)]Cl3. Both diNOsarcobalt(III) chloride and the zeolite-encapsulated complex, [Co(diNOsar)]3+/zeolite, were obtained in high yield and characterized by ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction demonstrated the incorporation of the complex cation into the pores of the zeolite. The catalytic production of hydrogen peroxide from oxygenated water confirmed the successful synthesis of the complex diNOsarcobalt(III) immobilized in the zeolite.

Catalyzed and non-catalyzed synthesis of bioactive monastrol

The bioactive 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione derivative known as Monastrol was synthesized under catalyzed and non-catalyzed conditions through the Biginelli multicomponent reaction under solvent-free conditions. The use of two Lewis acids (FeCl3 and CuCl2) and two Brønsted acids (HCl and CF3COOH) as catalysts improved the reaction yields of the transformation compared with the non-catalyzed reaction. The experiments investigated catalysis and its role, the importance of multicomponent reactions and their green features, and the application of these concepts to the synthesis of a biologically important structure.

Genetic polymorphisms in the Cytochrome P450 family and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx

Objective:To analyze the genetic polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 family and their relationship with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx.Methods: We present a narrative literature review, conducted in Pubmed, Lilacs and Cochrane Databases of articles published in the last five years correlating genetic polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 family and cancer risk in different populations worldwide.Results: We initially found 65 articles and, after selection criteria, 20 case-control studies with various populations worldwide were eligible. The most studied polymorphisms were those of CYP2E1 and CYP1A1 subfamilies. There is little about the other subfamilies. The association found between polymorphisms and cancer risk amounted to a countless number of variables, amongst them: population, selection methods, racial factors and different modes of exposure to carcinogens, genotyping methods, and nomenclature of the polymorphisms.Conclusion: so far, there is no proven link between genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 family and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx relationship.

Albendazole metabolism in patients with neurocysticercosis: antipyrine as a multifunctional marker drug of cytochrome P450

The present study investigates the isoform(s) of cytochrome P450 (CYP) involved in the metabolism of albendazole sulfoxide (ASOX) to albendazole sulfone (ASON) in patients with neurocysticercosis using antipyrine as a multifunctional marker drug. The study was conducted on 11 patients with neurocysticercosis treated with a multiple dose regimen of albendazole for 8 days (5 mg/kg every 8 h). On the 5th day of albendazole treatment, 500 mg antipyrine was administered po. Blood and urine samples were collected up to 72 h after antipyrine administration. Plasma concentrations of (+)-ASOX, (-)-ASOX and ASON were determined by HPLC using a chiral phase column and detection by fluorescence. The apparent clearance (CL/f) of ASON and of the (+) and (-)-ASOX enantiomers were calculated and compared to total antipyrine clearance (CL T) and the clearance for the production of the three major antipyrine metabolites (CLm). A correlation (P<=0.05) was obtained only between the CL T of antipyrine and the CL/f of ASON (r = 0.67). The existence of a correlation suggests the involvement of CYP isoforms common to the metabolism of antipyrine and of ASOX to ASON. Since the CL T of antipyrine is a general measure of CYP enzymes but with a slight to moderate weight toward CYP1A2, we suggest the involvement of this enzyme in ASOX to ASON metabolism in man. The study supports the establishment of a specific marker drug of CYP1A2 in the study of the in vivo metabolism of ASOX to ASON.

The role of organic solvent amount in the lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production

This research note addresses the role of organic solvent amount in the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil. N-hexane was chosen as solvent and two commercial immobilized lipases as catalysts, Novozym 435 and Lipozyme IM. The reactions were conducted in 6 hours, varying the solvent to oil ratio from zero to 50 (v/wt) and adopting adopting for Novozym 435: 65 ºC, enzyme concentration (E, wt%) = 5, oil to ethanol molar ratio (R) = 1:10, water addition (H, wt%) = 0, and for Lipozyme IM: 35 ºC, E = 5 wt%, R = 1:3, H = 10 wt%. For Lipozyme IM, an increase in solvent amount is shown to lead to an enhancement of reaction conversion, while a negligible effect was found for Novozym 435. When using 30 mL of solvent the reaction conversions were 88% for Lipozyme IM and 15% for Novozym 435.

Fluoxetina: indícios de uso inadequado

OBJETIVO: Investigar o uso da fluoxetina na cidade de Santo André, SP, por meio de coleta e análise das receitas especiais (RE) prescritas por médicos e arquivadas nas farmácias e drogarias daquela cidade. MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas as receitas especiais retidas durante os meses de agosto do ano de 2005 a julho de 2006, em 13 farmácias de manipulação e em 27 drogarias em diferentes regiões de Santo André. Cada receita especial foi analisada em relação à presença de fluoxetina, em associação ou não a outros princípios ativos, e o sexo do(a) paciente foi anotado. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 39.782 RE - 16.124 coletadas das farmácias magistrais e 23.658 das drogarias. Desses totais, 10.919 prescrições continham fluoxetina - 9.259 provenientes das farmácias magistrais (84,8%) e apenas 1.660 (15,2%) das drogarias. As prescrições de fluoxetina eram predominantemente destinadas a mulheres (79,8%). Na imensa maioria das RE, a fluoxetina foi prescrita em associação com um grande número de outras substâncias ativas, inclusive anfetaminas anoréticas, chegando a mais de dez outras em quase a metade das prescrições. Esse tipo de prescrição múltipla, principalmente para mulheres, é comparado com as prescrições de fórmulas magistrais para emagrecer, muito utilizadas no Brasil. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados obtidos sugerem que a utilização de fluoxetina teria um fim estético (perda de peso), e não um fim terapêutico (tratamento de depressão). Discute-se a relação risco-benefício desse possível uso, que poderia ser classificado de inadequado dado as conhecidas reações adversas da fluoxetina e a sua interferência no sistema citocromo P450.

Farmacocinética das estatinas

As estatinas são agentes hipolipemiantes que exercem os seus efeitos através da inibição da HMG-CoA redutase, enzima fundamental na síntese do colesterol, levando a uma redução do colesterol tecidual e um conseqüente aumento na expressão dos receptores de LDL. Existem consideráveis diferenças entre as estatinas, no que tange às propriedades farmacocinéticas, bem como ao coeficiente de hidrofilicidade, via hepática de metabolização (especialmente, do citocromo P450 e isoenzimas), meia-vida plasmática e eficácia na redução lipídica. As estatinas também podem diferir na capacidade de interação com outras drogas que utilizam a mesma via de metabolização. Recentemente, muitos efeitos pleiotrópicos têm sido relatados com estas drogas, bem como propriedades antiinflamatórias, melhora na função endotelial e benefícios na hemostasia.

Farmacologia do fibratos

Os fibratos são as drogas de escolha nas hipertrigliceridemias. Após sua absorção, os fibratos são metabolizados pelo fígado, utilizando isoenzimas P450 não compartilhadas pelas estatinas. Entretanto, para alguns fibratos, como o genfibrozil, uma interação com estatinas pode ocorrer durante a sua glucuronidação, ou pelo deslocamento de frações livres de estatina ligadas às proteínas plasmáticas. A vida-média plasmática é variável entre os fibratos (2-80 h). Recentemente, foi demonstrado que os fibratos promovem suas ações lipídicas pelo estímulo dos PPAR-alfa. Através dessa ação, existe um incremento na transcrição de alguns genes relacionados com o metabolismo lipídico, como a LLP, APOAI, APOAII, ABCA-1, bem como uma diminuição na expressão da APOCIII, e muitas outras ações.

Mecanismos de hepatotoxicidade

Hepatopatia relacionada ao uso de drogas hipolipemiantes tem sido definida como um dano celular (aumento das enzimas AST e ALT) sem alterações colestáticas (aumento de bilirrubinas e/ou fosfatase alcalina). Seis mecanismos são propostos para a hepatopatia: 1. Reações de alta energia no citocromo P450 comprometendo a homeostase do cálcio com a ruptura de fibrilas intracelulares e lise de hepatócitos. 2. Disfunção de proteínas transportadoras relacionadas com o fluxo de ácidos biliares (mecanismo proposto para a toxicidade hepática dos fibratos). 3. Reações imunes geradas pela formação de metabólitos das drogas hipolipemiantes formados no fígado. 4. Hepatoxicidade promovida por células T com inflamação adicional mediada por neutrófilos. 5. Apoptose mediada por TNF e Fas (imune-mediada). 6. Estresse oxidativo gerado por dano a organelas intracelulares. Ainda, idade avançada, consumo excessivo de álcool, altas doses de drogas hipolipemiantes, interação com outros fármacos, e doença hepática ativa prévia podem aumentar a hepatotoxidade.

Terapia hipolipemiante em situações especiais: síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida

Dislipidemias podem ser observadas precocemente entre pacientes com AIDS. Frequentemente, estas anormalidades lipídicas incluem HDL baixo e moderado aumento dos triglicérides sanguíneos. A terapia anti-retroviral combinada (HAART) pode agravar a dislipidemia nestes pacientes, com importante aumento nos triglicérides e no LDL. Vários mecanismos são propostos para explicar a dislipidemia mista observada nestes indivíduos, incluindo diferentes etapas do metabolismo lipídico. A importância do tratamento desses distúrbios lipídicos tem se tornado evidente com o aumento da expectativa de vida e os relatos de complicações cardiovasculares nestes pacientes. Existe um estado de resistência à insulina nos pacientes com AIDS em tratamento com HAART,que apresentam lipodistrofia, hipertrigliceridemia e baixos níveis de HDL. Drogas retro-antivirais são metabolizadas pelo CYP P450 3A4 e interações com algumas estatinas, especialmente com sinvastatina podem ocorrer. O tratamento com agentes hipolipemiantes deve ser baseado no perfil lipídico e no risco de coronariopatia. Para hipertrigliceridemias, fibratos (principalmente fenofibrato ou bezafibrato) devem ser as drogas de escolha, bem como as estatinas (principalmente pravastatina). Terapia combinada usando estatinas mais fibratos é recomendada para dislipidemias mistas graves e sempre sob rigoroso monitoramento de efeitos adversos.