Detection and Characterization of Rotavirus G and P Types from Children Participating in a Rotavirus Vaccine Trial in Belém, Brazil

This study sought the characterization of rotaviruses in a trial with a tetravalent rhesus-human rotavirus vaccine in Belém, Brazil in children who received three doses of vaccine or placebo in the 1st, 3rd and 5th months of life. Rotavirus electropherotypes, subgroups, G serotypes, G, [P] and [P],G genotypes were determined in 93.3%, 95.9%, 93.3%, 73.3%, 95.5% and 92.2% of isolates, respectively. Serotypes G1, G2 and G4 were detected in 58.9%, 30% and 4.4% of the cases, respectively. Rotavirus genotype G5 was detected for the first time in Northern region in 4.4% of the infections. Rotavirus genotypes P[8], P[4], P[6] and P[8+6] were detected in 54.5%, 26.7%, 12.2%, and 2.2% of the cases, respectively. The predominant genotypes were P[8],G1 and P[4],G2 with 53% and 26.6% of the infections, respectively. Unusual strains accounted for 20.5% including P[4],G1, P[6],G1, P[6],G4, P[6],G5, P[8],G2, P[8],G5. Mixed infections involving P[8+6],G2 and P[8+6],G1 were also noted. The neonatal P[6] strains associated with diarrhea were detected among children aged 9-24 months. To our knowledge, this study represents the first in Brazil to analyse, on molecular basis, rotavirus genotypes from children participating in a rotavirus vaccine trial. These results are of potential importance regarding future rotavirus vaccination strategies in Brazil.

Interação P x Fe em mudas de macadâmia

Com objetivo de avaliar a interação P x Fe e seus efeitos no crescimento de mudas de macadâmia, foi conduzido um experimento na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em solução nutritiva. Sete concentrações de P e de Fe foram combinadas de acordo com a matriz experimental Box-Berard aumentada (3), modificada, constituindo 14 tratamentos, em cinco repetições. Concentrações de Fe na solução nutritiva variando entre 0,136 e 0,289 mmol L-1 reduziram em até 33% os teores de P nas folhas inferiores de plantas de macadâmia. Os teores de P nas folhas, nos tratamentos com a menor concentração de P e com concentrações de Fe variando entre 0,015 e 0,289 mmol L-1, mantiveram-se superiores às adequadas. Em solução nutritiva, a concentração de P pode ser menor que 0,03 mmol L-1. Os teores de Fe nas folhas de macadâmia aumentaram com a elevação da concentração de Fe na solução nutritiva e não foram afetados pela concentração de P. No espaço experimental explorado a relação Fe (mg kg)-1 : P (g kg) -1 foi menor que 60, sugerindo que as folhas das plantas estariam com deficiência de Fe.

Manifestações orais associada ao papilomavírus humano (hpv) conceitos atuais: revisão bibliográfica

O papilomavírus (HPV) é um DNA vírus do grupo papovavírus, que é altamente transmissível sexualmente, sendo freqüente na região ano-genital e raro na mucosa oral. A sua implantação oral pode ser por auto-inoculação ou pelo contato oro-sexual. As manifestações orais associadas ao HPV são: papiloma, condiloma acuminado, verruga vulgar, hiperplasia epitelial focal, leucoplasias, líquen plano e carcinoma. O diagnóstico é dado pelo exame da lesão e confirmado pela biópsia, com a identificação do tipo de HPV pelas técnicas de biologia molecular (captura híbrida e PCR). O tratamento, dependendo da lesão, pode ser clínico e/ou cirúrgico, obtendo assim a cura clínica, pois o vírus permanece no epitélio da mucosa mesmo após o tratamento.

Condiloma lingual: a case report

O condiloma acuminado é uma doença sexualmente transmissível causada pelo Papilomavírus humano (HPV). Freqüente na região anogenital e rara na cavidade oral. No entanto, o aumento da atividade oro-sexual vem cada vez mais favorecendo a instalação da infecção do HPV na mucosa oral. O presente relato descreve um condiloma na cavidade oral em um paciente do sexo masculino, de 35 anos, com história de prática de sexo oral, cujo diagnóstico foi confirmado pela biópsia. O tratamento instituído foi efetuado com o uso de ácido tricloacético a 80%, ocorrendo remoção completa da lesão. Foi feito uma revisão da literatura acerca da incidência, quadro clínico, diagnóstico, tratamento e profilaxia.

Aplicação do método de comparação dos índices de neutralização à identificação intratípica de poliovírus dos tipos 1 e 3, utilizando culturas de células Hep-2

Foram estudadas culturas primárias de células renais de macaco rhesus (RMK) e culturas de células contínuas Hep-2, comparativamente em provas de identificação sorológica intratípica de 28 estirpes de poliovírus dos tipos 1 e 3, pelo método da "comparação dos índices de neutralização". A correlação entre os índices foi elevada -0,953 e 0,986 após incubação de três e cinco dias, respectivamente, e todas as estirpes examinadas mostraram o mesmo resultado de identificação nos dois sistemas celulares estudados. Disto se conclui que as culturas de células Hep-2 podem ser utilizadas como alternativa ás culturas primárias de rim de macaco rhesus, na identificação intratípica de poliovírus dos tipos 1 e 3, pelo método mencionado, com as vantagens inerentes às linhagens de células contínuas.

Utilização da microtécnica para a identificação sorológica intratípica de estirpes de poliovírus dos tipos 1 e 3

Foram estudadas de modo comparativo a macro e a microtécnica em provas de identificação sorológica intratípica de 28 estirpes de poliovírus dos tipos 1 e 3, segundo o método da "comparação dos índices de neutralização". Os resultados alcançados mostraram uma correlação elevada entre os índices de neutralização obtidos com ambas as técnicas empregadas - 0,931 e 0,971 após incubação de três e cinco dias, respectivamente - e correspondência total na identificação das estirpes examinadas. Conclui-se que a microtécnica pode ser utilizada em substituição da macrotécnica tradicional na identificação intratípica de poliovírus dos tipos 1 e 3, com, a vantagem da economia de meios e reagentes, e até mesmo com sensível redução de esforços humanos e tempo de execução das provas.

Interaction of rheumatoid factor and Entamoeba histolytica

The amoebae's cytotoxicity test and the amoebae's lysis test were used to show possible interactions between rheumatoid factor (RF) and Entamoeba histolytica. Amoebae's cytotoxic activity (ACA) was inhibited by affinity chromatography purified antiamoebae rabbit IgG (RIgG). Enhanced inhibition could be demonstrated with RIgG plus RF. But the same marked inhibition of ACA could be seen when replacing RF by heat inactivated normal human serum as a control. About 50% amoebae's lysis occurred when amoebae were brought together with native normal human serum (NNHS) as a source of complement. Amoebae's lysis increased to 60% when incubated with NHS plus human antiamoebae antibodies. No further augmentation could be obtained by the addition of RF. Using RIgG instead of human antibodies the lysis rate did not increase. Incubation of amoebae, NNHS, RIgG and RF even reduced amoebae's lysis. RF neither has an effect on ACA nor on complement mediated AL in vitro.

Toxoplasmosis serology: an efficient hemagglutination procedure to detect IgG and IgM antibodies

In search of an efficient but simple, low cost procedure for the serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis, especially suited for routine laboratories facing technical and budget limitations as in less developed countries, the diagnostic capability of Hematoxo® , an hemagglutination test for toxoplasmosis, was evaluated in relation to a battery of tests including IgG- and IgM-immunofluorescence tests, hemagglutination and an IgM-capture enzymatic assay. Detecting a little as 5 I.U. of IgG antitoxoplasma antibodies, Hematoxo® showed a straight agreement as to reactivity and non-reactivity for the 443 non-reactive and the 387 reactive serum samples, included in this study. In 23 cases presenting a serological pattern of acute toxoplasmosis and showing IgM antibodies, Hematoxo® could detect IgM antibodies in 18, indicated by negativation or a significant decrease in titers as a result of treating samples with 2-mercapto-ethanol. However, a neat increase in sensitivity for IgM specific antibodies could be achieved by previously removing IgG from the sample, as demonstrated in a series of acute toxoplasmosis sera. A simple procedure was developed for this purpose, by reconstituting a lyophilized suspension of Protein A - rich Staphylococcus with the lowest serum dilution to be tested. Of low cost and easy to perform, Hematoxo® affords not only a practical qualitative procedure for screening reactors and non-reactors, as in prenatal services, but also quantitative assays that permit to titrate antibodies as well as to identify IgM antibodies.

Drug susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum in the western Amazon region, state of Acre, Brazil

Field studies in the western Amazon region (state of Acre, Brazil) indicate that the 4-aminoquinolines, as well as the combined regimen with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, can no longer be recomended for the treatment and prophylaxis of P. falciparum infections in this region. Quinine remains an effective drug when used correctly. However, compliance problems arise due to the often occurring side-effects during a ten day regimen. Prospects of overcoming these constraints by combining a short course of quinine with other drugs are limited, because of the lack of suitable partner compounds. For this reason quinine/clindamycin appears to be a more practical therapy of P. falciparum malaria. In vitro data from this study suggest that mefloquine is another effective alternative for the treatment of falciparum malaria in this Amazon region.

Ocorrência de Strongyloides stercoralis em pacientes portadores da síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS)

Durante o período de janeiro de 1987 a dezembro de 1988, procurou-se investigar a ocorrência de larvas de Strongyloides stercoralis em 554 pacientes acometidos pela síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida, comparativamente a um grupo controle formado por 142 pacientes portadores de outras moléstias infecciosas. Os dois grupos estudados foram compostos por pacientes do sexo masculino, internados no Hospital Emílio Ribas, cujas amostras de fezes foram submetidas aos métodos de sedimentação espontânea e de RUGAI e cols. Os resultados obtidos após análise estatística revelaram prevalência semelhante nos dois grupos estudados (p > 0,05).

Paracoccidioidomycosis associated with acquired immunodificiency syndrome: report of seven cases

We report the clinical findings and evolution of seven patients (five men and two women), the majority of them intravenous drug users, with paracoccidioidomycosis associated to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In four of the patients the paracoccidioidomycosis was restricted to the lung and in the three others was generalized with cutaneous involvement. Only two of them had lived recently in rural area, an indication of the possible reactivation of latent focal infection in the other five patients. The recognition of the role of cell-mediated immunity in host defense against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis leds to the prediction of a growing occurrence of the paracoccidioidomycosis-AIDS association in areas that are endemic for these diseases.

Electrophoretic protein patterns and numerical analysis of Candida albicans from the oral cavities of healthy children

The aim of this research was to evaluate the protein polymorphism degree among seventy-five C. albicans strains from healthy children oral cavities of five socioeconomic categories from eight schools (private and public) in Piracicaba city, São Paulo State, in order to identify C. albicans subspecies and their similarities in infantile population groups and to establish their possible dissemination route. Cell cultures were grown in YEPD medium, collected by centrifugation, and washed with cold saline solution. The whole-cell proteins were extracted by cell disruption, using glass beads and submitted to SDS-PAGE technique. After electrophoresis, the protein bands were stained with Coomassie-blue and analyzed by statistics package NTSYS-pc version 1.70 software. Similarity matrix and dendrogram were generated by using the Dice similarity coefficient and UPGMA algorithm, respectively, which made it possible to evaluate the similarity or intra-specific polymorphism degrees, based on whole-cell protein fingerprinting of C. albicans oral isolates. A total of 13 major phenons (clusters) were analyzed, according to their homogeneous (socioeconomic category and/or same school) and heterogeneous (distinct socioeconomic categories and/or schools) characteristics. Regarding to the social epidemiological aspect, the cluster composition showed higher similarities (0.788 < S D < 1.0) among C. albicans strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic bases (high, medium, or low). Isolates of high similarity were not found in oral cavities from healthy children of social stratum A and D, B and D, or C and E. This may be explained by an absence of a dissemination route among these children. Geographically, some healthy children among identical and different schools (private and public) also are carriers of similar strains but such similarity was not found among other isolates from children from certain schools. These data may reflect a restricted dissemination route of these microorganisms in some groups of healthy scholars, which may be dependent of either socioeconomic categories or geographic site of each child. In contrast to the higher similarity, the lower similarity or higher polymorphism degree (0.499 < S D < 0.788) of protein profiles was shown in 23 (30.6%) C. albicans oral isolates. Considering the social epidemiological aspect, 42.1%, 41.7%, 26.6%, 23.5%, and 16.7% were isolates from children concerning to socioeconomic categories A, D, C, B, and E, respectively, and geographically, 63.6%, 50%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 30%, 25%, and 14.3% were isolates from children from schools LAE (Liceu Colégio Albert Einstein), MA (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Elias de Melo Ayres"), CS (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Carlos Sodero"), AV (Alphaville), HF (E.E.P.S.G. "Honorato Faustino), FMC (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Francisco Mariano da Costa"), and MEP (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Manasses Ephraim Pereira), respectively. Such results suggest a higher protein polymorphism degree among some strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic strata or geographic sites. Complementary studies, involving healthy students and their families, teachers, servants, hygiene and nutritional habits must be done in order to establish the sources of such colonization patterns in population groups of healthy children. The whole-cell protein profile obtained by SDS-PAGE associated with computer-assisted numerical analysis may provide additional criteria for the taxonomic and epidemiological studies of C. albicans.

The perception, beliefs and practices toward genitourinary schistosomiasis by inhabitants of selected endemic areas (Edo/Delta States) in south-eastern Nigeria

Well-structured questionnaire on the perception, impression and response to genitourinary bilharziasis (Genitourinary schistosomiasis) was administered and explained in local languages: 'Igbo' 'Esan' 'Ezon' Itshekiri and Bini to 33815 inhabitants of selected endemic areas in south-eastern Nigeria from January, 1999 to December, 2001. Out of this number, 3815 (11.3%) were properly filled and returned. About 42.0% of the inhabitants admitted knowledge of the disease, while 14 (0.4%) knew about the aetiologic agent. About 181 (5.0%) who responded, admitted procuring treatment, while 100 (5.0%) declined to seek treatment of any sort. The relationships between water-bodies and human activities, and infection were well discussed. Amongst those who admitted knowledge of the disease but no knowledge of its etiologic agent, declined seeking treatment of any kind, but believe the disease is a natural phenomenon in ones developmental stage and therefore of no morbidity and mortality. Laboratory analysis of urine, faeces, semen and HVS was employed to assess questionnaire responses, and in some cases, physical examination was utilized to augment laboratory analysis in confirming urinal diagnosis. Haematuria was only directly related to egg count in the early part of life. Females were significantly haematuric and excreted more ova than males (p < 0.05). Headache (43.0%) and fever (31.0%) were major clinical signs while sexual pains (22.0%) were the least.

Caracterização de sintomas de carências nutricionais em mudas de pupunheira cultivadas em solução nutritiva

Os conhecimentos de nutrição mineral da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Palmae) são relativamente escassos e incipientes, faltando dados consistentes sobre sua demanda nutricional desde a fase de viveiro até a fase de produção. Com o objetivo de caracterizar os sintomas de carências de macro e micronutrientes, e identificar os níveis analíticos associados às carências minerais em mudas de pupunheira, foi conduzido um ensaio em casa de vegetação, pertencente ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM. Plantas de pupunheira foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva, tendo como substrato areia lavada. Os tratamentos foram: completo e omissão individual de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, ferro, boro, cobre, manganês, zinco e molibdênio. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com treze tratamentos e quatro repetições. As deficiências dos nutrientes nas mudas de pupunheiras se traduziram por sintomas típicos e facilmente identificáveis, e os níveis analíticos de adequação e deficiência obtidos nas folhas foram: N (g kg-1) 30.7 - 10.1; P (g kg-1) 3.4 - 1.0; K (g kg-1) 27.8 - 4.7; Ca (g kg-1) 12.7 - 2.6; Mg (g kg-1) 3.5 - 0.9; Fe (mg kg-1) 175 - 191; Zn (mg kg-1) 33 - 41.