A carreira de professor estadual no Brasil: os casos de São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul

O presente artigo, com base nas folhas de pagamentos dos professores das redes públicas estaduais do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e de São Paulo (SP), mostra que a remuneração dos professores das redes públicas destes estados não está relacionada com o desempenho dos professores, sendo o tempo de serviço o fator determinante na evolução da remuneração. O salário relativo médio de um professor da rede dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de São Paulo, como fração do PIB, é superior ao encontrado em outros países que são considerados exemplos de bom desempenho escolar. Ou seja, não há evidência de que o salário nestas redes esteja fora da nor-ma tomando como comparação os países da OECD. O artigo mostra, ainda, que o salário médio pago aos professores da ativa é inferior ao benefício médio concedido aos inativos e que estes apresentam um elevado custo na folha de pagamentos dos estados, superior aos 50% no Rio Grande do Sul e 35% em São Paulo. Mais, as regras para aposentadoria dos professores no Brasil são extremamente generosas quando comparadas com outros países do mundo. O artigo finaliza documentando a forte compressão salarial existente no magistério em comparação ao observado no mercado de trabalho gaúcho e paulista para os profissionais com curso superior.

Working hours, work-life conflict and health in precarious and "permanent" employment

OBJECTIVE: The expansion of precarious employment in OECD countries has been widely associated with negative health and safety effects. Although many shiftworkers are precariously employed, shiftwork research has concentrated on full-time workers in continuing employment. This paper examines the impact of precarious employment on working hours, work-life conflict and health by comparing casual employees to full-time, "permanent" employees working in the same occupations and workplaces. METHODS: Thirty-nine convergent interviews were conducted in two five-star hotels. The participants included 26 full-time and 13 casual (temporary) employees. They ranged in age from 19 to 61 years and included 17 females and 22 males. Working hours ranged from zero to 73 hours per week. RESULTS: Marked differences emerged between the reports of casual and full-time employees about working hours, work-life conflict and health. Casuals were more likely to work highly irregular hours over which they had little control. Their daily and weekly working hours ranged from very long to very short according to organisational requirements. Long working hours, combined with low predictability and control, produced greater disruption to family and social lives and poorer work-life balance for casuals. Uncoordinated hours across multiple jobs exacerbated these problems in some cases. Health-related issues reported to arise from work-life conflict included sleep disturbance, fatigue and disrupted exercise and dietary regimes. CONCLUSIONS:This study identified significant disadvantages of casual employment. In the same hotels, and doing largely the same jobs, casual employees had less desirable and predictable work schedules, greater work-life conflict and more associated health complaints than "permanent" workers.

Global booms and busts: how is Brazil's middle class faring?

Brazil's Post War economic history has been marked by inflationary booms and busts, which kept large parts of the population poor, as income distribution remained highly skewed, and most governments failed to put enough efforts and resources into education and health. That seems to have changed recently, as an increasing number of studies have shown considerable advances in the incomes of the lower and the middle classes. This essay examines those findings and puts them into a historical perspective, discussing earlier attempts and hopes of Brazilian policy makers to advance the welfare of the population. It concludes that while the last fifteen years have been remarkable for the country to achieve macroeconomic stability and while the increasing efforts of supporting the poor seemed to have been moving income distribution slowly towards a more equal level, there is still a long way to go. The 2008 world financial crisis also hit Brazil hard, but the recovery has been smoother and faster than in any OECD country. The impact of the current crisis may provide a good test as to the robustness of the previous trends to further the wellbeing of the poor and the middle class

A queda da desigualdade de renda corrente e a participação do 1% de domicílios de maior renda, 2000-2010

According to OECD, the recent process of deterioration of the income distribution chain in developing and developed countries has been marked by increased participation of 1% of households with higher income. In the past decade, Brazil has escaped the general trend of deterioration of the income distribution. This paper shows that the reduction of economic inequality was accompanying the reluctance of the participation of top 1%, arguing that the reproduction of the movement more generally requires that this participation has been reduced in the current decade, to enable sustained growth and development with social justice.