Curvas de progresso e gradientes da vassoura-de-bruxa (Crinipellis perniciosa) em cacaueiros enxertados em Uruçuca, Bahia

A vassoura-de-bruxa tornou-se a mais importante doença do cacaueiro no Brasil desde a sua constatação no Estado da Bahia em 1989. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a curva de progresso e o gradiente da vassoura-de-bruxa, em plantio clonal, nas condições do sudeste da Bahia. O experimento foi conduzido em Uruçuca, BA, em área contendo cacaueiros enxertados com 16 genótipos diferentes e idade aproximada de três anos após a enxertia, no período de setembro de 2001 a julho de 2002. Mensalmente, foram quantificados os ramos e os frutos com sintoma da doença em três tratamentos: (1) poda fitossanitária semestral, (2) poda fitossanitária mensal e (3) poda fitossanitária mensal aliada à aplicação de fungicida mensal. O fungicida utilizado foi o óxido cuproso na dose de 3g do i.a./planta/aplicação. A fonte de inóculo utilizada foi um plantio adjacente com alta incidência da doença. Na análise temporal, foram ajustadas curvas de crescimento e calculados os coeficientes de determinação e as taxas de progresso da incidência. Houve bom ajuste dos dados de progresso da doença em vassouras vegetativas e em frutos ao modelo monomolecular. A incidência final de doença em vassouras vegetativas e em frutos no tratamento com poda fitossanitária e fungicida foi aproximadamente cinco vezes menor do que nos outros tratamentos. Na análise espacial, os resultados não evidenciaram a presença de gradiente de doença. Com base nos resultados ficou evidenciado que a integração dos métodos cultural, químico e genético resultou em menor taxa de progresso da doença e mais baixa incidência final.

Revista de Antropologia: 1953-2003 uma revista para muitas histórias

A Revista de Antropologia, especialmente em sua primeira fase, publicou predominantemente estudos de etnologia. Faço aqui um rápido levantamento desse período inicial, sugerindo que esses estudos apresentam boas pistas para se escrever uma história da etnologia no Brasil. Lembro também que o jubileu da Revista coincidiria com o 90º aniversário de seu criador, Egon Schaden.

Paracoccidioides cerebriformis Moore, 1935. MYCOLOGIC AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDY

The present study concern on mycologic and immunochemical data obtained from two samples of a fungus considered as belonging to the species Paracoccidioides cerebriformis described by Moore in 1935, and maintained since then on Sabouraud’s agar in the mycology collection of the Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. After 60 years, the samples exhibited the same characteristics described by Moore (1935). However, experimental lesions did not resulted in guinea-pigs inoculated intratesticularly. The dominant antigen in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 43 kDa glicoprotein (gp43), could not be demonstrated by SDS PAGE and Western blotting. Immunoelectrophoresis did not demonstrated the E arch of cathodic migration using a policlonal anti gp43 serum. According to these findings, it is concluded that the fungus described by Moore (1935) as P. cerebriformis does not belong to the genus Paracoccidioides. Paracoccidioidomycosis should therefore be considered as resulting from infection by a single species, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Splendore, 1912) as asserted by Almeida (1930). Further studies, through molecular biology methods, could identify the mentioned fungus

Analysis of the genetic polymorphism of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides cerebriformis "Moore" by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 28S ribosomal DNA sequencing: Paracoccidioides cerebriformis revisited

Our purpose was to compare the genetic polymorphism of six samples of P. brasiliensis (113, 339, BAT, T1F1, T3B6, T5LN1), with four samples of P. cerebriformis (735, 741, 750, 361) from the Mycological Laboratory of the Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis (RAPD). RAPD profiles clearly segregated P. brasiliensis and P. cerebriformis isolates. However, the variation on band patterns among P. cerebriformis isolates was high. Sequencing of the 28S rDNA gene showed nucleotide conservancy among P. cerebriformis isolates, providing basis for taxonomical grouping, and disclosing high divergence to P. brasiliensis supporting that they are in fact two distinct species. Moreover, DNA sequence suggests that P. cerebriformis belongs in fact to the Aspergillus genus.

Observações sobre oviposição, eclosão e tempo de vida de Triatoma matogrossensis Leite & Barbosa, 1953 (Hemiptera-Reduviidae) em função da alimentação em pombos e coelhos

Estudou-se em laboratório a influência de duas diferentes fontes de alimentação sobre oviposição, eclosão dos ovos e tempo de vida de casais de Triatoma matogrossensis. Foram observados 68 casais separados em quatro diferentes grupos, com 20, 12, 20 e 16 casais, respectivamente. Os grupos A1 e A 2 foram alimentados em pombos e os grupos C1 e C 2 em coelhos. Os casais foram mantidos em estufa a 26o ± 2oC e UR de 60-80%, com fotoperíodo de 14 horas. O maior número de ovos postos foi encontrado no grupo A1. Não houve diferença na proporção de ovos eclodidos dos grupos alimentados em coelhos ou pombos. Não foram observadas diferenças de tempo de vida entre machos e fêmeas dos quatro grupos, entretanto o grupo A1 apresentou o maior tempo de sobrevivência e o grupo C2 o menor.

Sombreamento dos cafèzais I.: resultados de três ciclos bienais (1953/1958) obtidos na escola "Luiz de Queiroz"

The present paper discusses the data obtained in shade and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The results, analysed statistically, can be summarized as follows: a) unshaded plots produced 17% more than shaded ones; b) the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c) the percentage of green (not ripened fruits) depends of the harvest time. When the harvest was retarded, the percentage of green fruits was higher in the shaded plots. When the percentage of green fruits was the same, both in shaded and unshaded plots, the percentage of ripened was higher and the percentage of dried fruits was lesser in the shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; d) other comparisons as production of dried grains by the field fruits, relation between dried fruits and dried grains and cup-test by expert coffee-taster, did not show differences among shaded and unshaded plots.

Notas de ixodologia: V - A propósito da validade de algumas espécies do gênero Amblyomma do continente americano (Acari: Ixodídoe)

a) The species Amblyomma tapiri Tonelli Rondelli, 1937 and Amblyomma finitimum Tonelli Rondelli, 1937 are synonymous with Amblyomma cajennense Fabricius, 1787. Both species are based in differences of size, colour, punctations and form of the dorsal shield, presence or absence of ventral plates, size, form and direction of the spine of coxa IV. Such differences prouved to be only variations frequently observed in large lots or in cultures of Amblyomma cajennense. The revalidation of Koch's species Amblyomma tenellum Koch, 1844 and Amblyomma mixtum Koch, 1844 proposed by TONELLI RONDELLI as also of Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888 and Amblyomma versicolor Nuttal et Warburton, 1908 cannot be accepted by the same reasons. b) Amblyomma beccari Tonelli Rondelli, 1939 and Amblyomma latepunctatum Tonelli Rondelli, 1939 are cospecific with Amblyomma scalpturatum Neumann, 1899 the same being true for Amblyomma myrmecophagium Schulze, 1935 and for Amblyomma brasiliense var. guianense Floch et Abonnenc, 1940, as previously stated. c) Amblyomma tasquei Floch et Abonnenc, 1940 is a good species but synonym with Amblyomma romitii Tonelli Rondelli, 1939 which has priority. d) Amblyomma curruca Schulze, 1936 is a synonym of Amblyomma parvum Aragão, 1908. e) Amblyomma deminutivum Neumann, 1899 represents a variation of Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844, a species whose internal spine of coxa IV may be poorly developed or even absent. f) Amblyomma nigrum Tonelli Rondelli, 1939 prouved to be synonym with Amblyomma paccae Aragao, 1911 the type representing a blackish specimen of the later species. g) Amblyomma brimonti Neumann, 1913 is a synonym of Amblyomma humerale Koch, 1844.

Estadisticas vitales de Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) en condiciones experimentales

Se siguieron seis cohortes de Rhodnius neivai en el laboratorio a fin de evaluar estadisticamente su dinámica poblacional. Utilizamos dos fuentes alimentarias: gallina y conejo. Determinamos percentaje e eclosión de huevos, mortalidad y tiempo de desarrollo ninfal, longevidad y mortalidad edad-específica de adultos, fecundidad y fertilidad edad-especifica de hembras. Igualmente, evaluamos algunos parámetros poblacionales, como expectativa de vida, tasa intínseca de crecimiento natural, tasa neta de reporducción, tasa finita de crecimiento, valor reproductivo y distribución estable de edades. La duración del ciclo de vida fue mayor en los animales alimentados en conejo, la supervivencia ninfal fue ligeramente mayor en los individuos alimentados en gallina. La reproducción se inició antes en los ejemplares alimentados en gallina, pero el rendimiento reproductivo y la duración de la ovoposición fueron mayores en los alimentados en conejo. Las tasas intrínseca y finita de crecimientofueron mayores en los triatominos alimentados en gallina. El tiempo generacional fue ligeramente mayor en las cohortes alimentadas en conejo. La tasa neta de reproducción fue muy similar con ambas fuentes alimentarias, aunque ligeramente mayor en los ejemplares alimentados en conejo. El valor reproductivo en los alimentados en conejo fue el doble que en los insectos alimentados en gallina.

Effects of environmental temperature on life tables of Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under experimental conditions

Changes in life tables of Rhodnius neivai due to variations of environmental temperature were studied, based on nine cohorts. Three cohorts were kept at 22°C, three at 27°C and three at 32°C. Cohorts were censused daily during nymphal instars and weekly in adults. Nine complete horizontal life tables were built. A high negative correlation between temperature and age at first laying was registered (r=-0,84). Age at maximum reproduction was significantly lower at 32°C. Average number of eggs/female/week and total eggs/female on its life time were significantly lower at 22°C. Total number of egg by cohort and total number of reproductive weeks were significantly higher at 27°C. At 32°C, generational time was significantly lower. At 27°C net reproductive rate and total reproductive value were significantly higher. At 22°C, intrinsic growth, finite growth and finite birth rates were significantly lower. At 22°C, death instantaneous rate was significantly higher.

Resistance to starvation of Rhodnius neivai Lent, 1953 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under experimental conditions

The period of resistance to starvation and the loss of weight until death of Rhodnius neivai in all stages of development were studied. Work was based on experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. One hundred specimens of each nymphal instar were observed: 50 were fed on chicken and 50 on rabbit. Adult females and males were kept together and fed on each host. All bugs were weighed weekly until death. Laid eggs were collected weekly and observed during five weeks to obtain hatchability. Resistance to starvation was similar with both hosts and increased with the evolutionary stage, excepting the 5th nymphal instar and adults. With both hosts, loss of weight was abrupt in the first week and steady in the following weeks. In adults, on the first weeks after eating, there was little or no mortality, after which mortality increased rapidly with the starving time. Reproductive output was higher in the bugs fed on rabbit. R. neivai is among the least resistant triatomine species.

Biologia do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) em Eucalyptus spp.

Biologia do psilídeo-de-concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) em Eucalyptus spp.. Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore também conhecido por psilídeo-de-concha, se caracteriza por ser uma espécie específica ao gênero Eucalyptus L'Her. Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o ciclo biológico de G. brimblecombei em Eucalyptus spp. O trabalho foi conduzido em câmara climatizada (BOD), sob a temperatura de 26 °C e fotofase de 12 horas. As espécies de Eucalyptus utilizadas para o experimento foram: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. tereticornis, E. urophylla, E. grandis, Corymbia citriodora e um híbrido de E. grandis x E. urophylla ('urograndis'). Inicialmente foram utilizados 100 repetições (ninfas) tratamento (espécies de Eucalyptus). As avaliações foram diárias. Os parâmetros biológicos avaliados foram a duração e viabilidade do estágio ninfal, longevidade dos adultos, número de posturas/fêmea, duração do período embrionário, número e viabilidade ovos, longevidade dos adultos e duração do ciclo total. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que salvo C. citriodora que apresentou ser letal ao desenvolvimento ninfal de G. brimblecombei as demais espécies de Eucalyptus testadas oferecem condições ao desenvolvimento biológico deste psilídeo, sendo que neste trabalho E. camaldulensis mostrou-se a mais adequada.

An experimental test of rainfall as a control agent of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) on seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn (Myrtaceae)

An experimental test of rainfall as a control agent of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) on seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn (Myrtaceae). Glycaspis brimblecombei is one the greatest threats to eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. The effects of rainfall to reduce the abundance of lerp of Glycaspis brimblecombei on experimentally infested seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were assessed. The number of lerps on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of every leaf of 60 seedlings was recorded, before and after submission to the following treatments: "artificial rain", "leaf wetting" and control. A drastic reduction in lerp abundance per plant was observed after the treatments "leaf wetting" and artificial rain (F = 53.630; p < 0.001), whereas lerp abundance remained roughly constant in the control treatment along the experiment (F = 1.450; p = 0.232). At the end of the experiment, lerp abundance was significantly lower in both the "artificial rain" and "leaf wetting" than in the control treatment. Two days of rainfall simulation were sufficient to decrease more than 50% of the lerp population, with almost 100% of effectiveness after 5 days of experiment. Our results indicate that lerp solubilization and mechanical removal by water are potential tools to the population regulation of G. brimblecombei on E. camaldulensis seedlings.