Towards modular regionalism: the proliferation of Latin American cooperation

This article addresses three questions: why there was a surge in regional cooperation projects in Latin America in the last decade; how to characterize the current multi-faceted scenario; and how to make this complexity work. After a review of six theoretical perspectives, an original conceptual approach is proposed: "modular regionalism." This credibly answers the three questions and offers policy recommendations.

Causal attributions in Brazilian children's reasoning about health and illness

INTRODUCTION: At a time when a great number of diseases can be prevented by changing one's habits and life style, investigations have focused on understanding what adults and children believe to be desirable health practices and uncovering the factors associated with successful adherence to such practices. For these, causal attributions for health and illness were investigated among 96 Brazilian elementary school students. METHODS: Ninety six subjects, aged 6 to 14, were interviewed individually and their causal attributions were assessed through 14 true-false items (e.g. people stay well [healthy] because they are lucky). The relationship between the children's causal attributions and demographic characteristics were also examined. RESULTS: Overall, the results were consistent with previous researches. "Taking care of oneself" was considered the most important cause of good health. "Viruses and germs" and "lack of self-care" were the most selected causes of illness. Analyses revealed significant relationship between subjects' causal attribution and their age, school grade level, socioeconomic status and gender. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggest that there may be more cross-cultural similarities than differences in children's causal attributions for health and illness. Finding ways to help individuals engage in appropriate preventive-maintenance health practices without developing an exaggerated notion that the individuals can control their own health and illness is a challenge which remains to be addressed by further research.

The use of a modular titanium endoprosthesis in skeletal reconstructions after bone tumor resections: method presentation and analysis of 37 cases

We analyzed 37 patients who underwent segmental wide resection of bone tumors and reconstruction with a modular titanium endoprosthesis at the Orthopaedic Oncology Group, between 1992 and 1998. Twelve patients were male and 25 were female, with a mean age of 30 years (9 - 81). The mean follow-up was 14 months (2 - 48). The diagnoses were: osteosarcoma (14 cases), metastatic carcinoma (10), Ewing's sarcoma (4), giant cell tumor (4), malignant fibrous histiocytoma (3), chondrosarcoma (1), and aneurysmal bone cyst (1). Eleven articulated total knee, 8 partial proximal femur with bipolar acetabulum, 8 partial proximal humerus, 3 total femur, 2 partial proximal tibia, 2 diaphyseal femur, 2 diaphyseal humerus, and 1 total proximal femur with cementless acetabulum endoprosthesis implant procedures were done. The complications related to the procedure included: infection (5 cases), dislocation (3), module loosening (1), and ulnar nerve paresthesia (1). We used the following criteria for the clinical evaluation: presence of pain, range of motion, reconstruction stability, surgical and oncologic complications, and patient acceptance. The results were good in 56.8% of the cases, regular in 32.4% and poor in 10.8%.

Clinical reasoning in undergraduate nursing education: a scoping review

Abstract OBJECTIVE This study aimed at analyzing the current state of knowledge on clinical reasoning in undergraduate nursing education. METHODS A systematic scoping review through a search strategy applied to the MEDLINE database, and an analysis of the material recovered by extracting data done by two independent reviewers. The extracted data were analyzed and synthesized in a narrative manner. RESULTS From the 1380 citations retrieved in the search, 23 were kept for review and their contents were summarized into five categories: 1) the experience of developing critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; 2) teaching strategies related to the development of critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; 3) measurement of variables related to the critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; 4) relationship of variables involved in the critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process; and 5) theoretical development models of critical thinking/clinical reasoning/decision-making process for students. CONCLUSION The biggest challenge for developing knowledge on teaching clinical reasoning seems to be finding consistency between theoretical perspectives on the development of clinical reasoning and methodologies, methods, and procedures in research initiatives in this field.

Modelagem e avaliação de um sistema modular para gerenciamento de informação na Web

O gerenciamento de informação pode ser identificado como desafio crucial, sobretudo no tocante aos conteúdos de websites e sistemas de informação em ambiente web. Assim, o desenvolvimento de meios e métodos para gerenciamento de conteúdos é tema deste artigo, o qual objetiva, através de um relato de aplicação de pesquisa participativa, apresentar a descrição funcional de um sistema modular para gerenciamento de conteúdos em ambiente web. São discutidos aspectos relacionados com o desenvolvimento do sistema e sua aplicação em 28 websites. Adicionalmente, é apresentada uma avaliação quantitativa com base na satisfação, facilidade de uso percebida, freqüência de uso e importância dos módulos que o compõem. Entre os principais resultados, aponta-se a evidência da flexibilidade da proposta modular e a constatação de que os gestores se mostraram satisfeitos com o sistema, não apresentando dificuldade de uso e obtendo resultados positivos com o uso da ferramenta.

Clinical reasoning of medical students in a public university in Brazil

The aim of this research was to understand the reasoning developed by medical students in a public university in Brazil. This research on education included semi-structured interviews and film recordings of interns discussing 10 clinical cases. A sample of 16 interns analyzed cases presented on a notebook computer with a webcam. They were instructed to verbalize all their thoughts on the procedures they would use. The film recordings and transcripts of the interviews were analyzed. Quantitative data was evaluated using Yates' chi-squared test and speech analysis was used to evaluate the transcripts. The theme worked on in the practice of reasoning was: the student's perceptions of their clinical practice. Of the 160 diagnoses, 57% were done with analytical reasoning and 43% with non-analytical reasoning. The hypothetical deductive method was employed by 31% of the interns and the inductive method was employed by 69%. The diagnostic accuracy was 81% correct for easy cases and 85% correct for difficult cases. We observed two empirical categories: the cognitive universe of the student and the patient's context.

Desenvolvimento e testes de uma semeadora-adubadora modular para pequenas propriedades rurais

O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e testes de campo de equipamento agrícola modular. Para o desenvolvimento do equipamento, foi utilizada metodologia de projeto para sistemas modulares. O objetivo principal foi desenvolver um sistema modular que contribuísse para melhorar o atual quadro de mecanização agrícola da pequena propriedade rural, enfocando alguns dos equipamentos destinados às atividades conservacionistas de cultivo. Por ser modular, o equipamento atende às funções de semear-adubar, escarificar e sulcar o solo. Para a função semear-adubar, podem ser usados cinzéis e disco duplo para a semeadura; já para as funções de escarificação e sulcagem, podem ser usadas ferramentas específicas, facilmente intercambiadas em um chassi tubular principal. Os resultados para solo argiloso (Typic Oxisols), com umidade em torno de 20,5% e massa seca de 11,5 t ha-1 para a variante semeadora-adubadora com duplo cinzel, foram satisfatórios com relação aos parâmetros de patinagem das rodas motoras, regularidade de distribuição em profundidade, cobertura das sementes, distribuição longitudinal das sementes e emergência de plantas.

Influência do tempo de uso sobre as características hidráulicas do microaspersor do grupo modular

O desenvolvimento de novos equipamentos de irrigação e o aprimoramento dos já existentes, como dos microaspersores, devem considerar a avaliação das características hidráulicas, disposição adequada dos mesmos em condições de campo e interferência devido ao tempo de uso, garantindo índices de desempenho satisfatório. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar a equação vazão x pressão, o coeficiente de variação de fabricação - CVf e de vazão - CVq, a uniformidade de distribuição de água para diferentes graus de sobreposição do microaspersor do grupo modular de bocal laranja, novo e usado, sob funcionamento na posição invertida. O aumento do espaçamento entre microaspersores e entre laterais reduziu os índices de uniformidade em todas as pressões estudadas, tanto do microaspersor novo como do usado. A maior precipitação do jato de água ocorreu na distância de 0,0 a 1,0 m da haste de sustentação dos microaspersores novo e usado. O alcance do jato de água do microaspersor usado foi menor em relação ao bocal novo.

Horizontal projections of area 17 in Cebus monkeys: metric features, and modular and laminar distribution

Metric features and modular and laminar distributions of intrinsic projections of area 17 were studied in Cebus apella. Anterogradely and retrogradely labeled cell appendages were obtained using both saturated pellets and iontophoretic injections of biocytin into the operculum. Laminar and modular distributions of the labeled processes were analyzed using Nissl counterstaining, and/or cytochrome oxidase and/or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. We distinguished three labeled cell types: pyramidal, star pyramidal and stellate cells located in supragranular cortical layers (principally in layers IIIa, IIIb a, IIIb ß and IIIc). Three distinct axon terminal morphologies were found, i.e., Ia, Ib and II located in granular and supragranular layers. Both complete and partial segregation of group I axon terminals relative to the limits of the blobs of V1 were found. The results are compatible with recent evidence of incomplete segregation of visual information flow in V1 of Old and New World primates

Fundamentos epistemológicos da teoria modular da mente de Jerry A. Fodor

Este artigo é uma apresentação dos fundamentos da teoria modular desenvolvida por Jerry A. Fodor e uma reflexão sobre seus principais desafios. A noção de modularidade da mente de Fodor, por um lado, procura superar as insuficiências metodológicas e epistemológicas do associacionismo e do localizacionismo a respeito das explicações da estrutura e do funcionamento mental; por outro lado, é uma oposição à postura culturalista de Vygotsky, para o qual as funções superiores da mente, como a cognição, são produtos artificiais, culturais. A psicologia cognitiva de Chomsky converteu esse produto "artificial" em "natural", postulando a existência de módulos inatos para desempenhar funções cognitivas específicos. Com base nessa ideia de Chomsky, Fodor procura explicar a mente como um conjunto de módulos. No entanto, sua principal contribuição para as ciências cognitivas é a apresentação da arquitetura mental em dois níveis e a afirmação da existência de módulos centrais responsáveis pelas atividades cognitivas superiores, como criatividade, reflexão ou imaginação.

Efeito da mitomicina C tópica na cicatrização de prega vocal em modelo suíno

Várias terapias adjuvantes à cirurgia vêm sendo usadas para modular o processo cicatricial nas pregas vocais, entre elas a Mitomicina tópica (MTC). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos da MTC no processo de cicatrização de pregas vocais de suínos 30 dias após exérese de fragmento de mucosa com laser de CO2 mediante a mensuração da deposição de colágeno. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Experimental em suínos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Dois grupos de 6 suínos cada foram avaliados após exérese de fragmento de mucosa de prega vocal a laser de CO2 (grupo controle sem uso e grupo experimento com uso de MTC tópica). Após 30 dias os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia, sendo coletadas amostras das pregas vocais para análise histológica, a fim de quantificar a deposição de colágeno mediante coloração de Picrosirius Red. RESULTADOS: A média da área do colágeno total das pregas vocais do grupo controle foi de 2648,03 µm2, enquanto a média do colágeno total das pregas vocais do grupo experimento foi de 2200,30 µm2 (p = 0,0043). CONCLUSÃO: A MTC usada topicamente após a exérese de fragmento de mucosa da prega vocal a laser de CO2 em suínos, diminui, significativamente, a deposição do colágeno total.

Book citations: influence of epidemiologic thought in the academic community

Whilst their 'death' has often been certified, books remain highly important to most professions and academic disciplines. Analyses of citations received by epidemiologic texts may complement other views on epidemiology. The objective was to assess the number of citations received by some books of epidemiology and public health, as a first step towards studying the influence of epidemiological thought and thinking in academia. For this purpose, Institute for Scientific Information/ Thomson Scientific - Web of Science/ Web of Knowledgedatabase was consulted, in May 2006. The book by Rothman & Greenland appeared to have received the highest number of citations overall (over 8,000) and per year. The books by Kleinbaum et al, and by Breslow & Day received around 5,000 citations. In terms of citations per year the book by Sackett et al ranks 3rd, and the one by Rose, 4th of those included in this preliminary study. Other books which were influential in the classrooms collected comparatively less citations. Results offer a rich picture of the academic influences and trends of epidemiologic methods and reasoning on public health, clinical medicine and the other health, life and social sciences. They may contribute to assess epidemiologists' efforts to demarcate epidemiology and to assert epistemic authority, and to analyze some historical influences of economic, social and political forces on epidemiological research.

Modern epidemiology and its discontents

The goal of this article is to present a snapshot of an ongoing debate within epidemiology, pitching opposing sides in the struggle to define the path it should follow in the years to come. The debate among epidemiologists in the mid-90s pitted those who defended the idea that epidemiology should necessarily deal with a wide context against those who believed that science and public health are better served by focusing on the individual level. Ian Hacking’s concept of styles of reasoning was used as a theoretical tool. The literature was reviewed using a core set of articles as an entry point, seeking articles that cited them, and then back-tracking the citations of the resulting set in the Scopus database. The main arguments are presented according to levels (ontological, epistemological, axiological and pragmatic), in order to show an even deeper disagreement, in the very conception of science and its relation to social issues and public policy.