Evaluation of physical quality indices of a soil under a seasonal semideciduous forest

The concept of soil quality is currently the subject of great discussion due to the interaction of soil with the environment (soil-plant-atmosphere) and practices of human intervention. However, concepts of soil quality relate quality to agricultural productivity, but assessment of soil quality in an agronomic context may be different from its assessment in natural areas. The aim of this study was to assess physical quality indices, the S index, soil aeration capacity (ACt/Pt), and water storage capacity (FC/Pt) of the soil from a permanent plot in the Caetetus Ecological Reserve (Galia, São Paulo, Brazil) under a seasonal semideciduous forest and compare them with the reference values for soil physical quality found in the literature. Water retention curves were used for that purpose. The S values found were higher than the proposed limit for soil physical quality (0.035). The A and E horizons showed the highest values because their sandy texture leads to a high slope of the water retention curve. The B horizons showed the lowest S values because their natural density leads to a lower slope of the water retention curve. The values found for ACt/Pt and FC/Pt were higher and lower than the idealized limits. The values obtained from these indices under natural vegetation can provide reference values for soils with similar properties that undergo changes due to anthropic activities. All the indices evaluated were effective in differentiating the effects of soil horizons in the natural hydro-physical functioning of the soils under study.

Diameter structure of stratum and ecological groups of a Semideciduous Forest area in Dionísio-MG

The objective of this study was to obtain homogeneous groups of species and information on their density, dominance and volume, in terms of ecological group and diameter structure of an area of Submontane Semideciduous forest (Mata do Mumbaça) in Dionísio, MG. This work was conducted with data of the diameter distribution per species from floristic and phytosociological (Mata do Mumbaça) survey of 120 plots with 10 x 10 m each one. The 120 plots were contiguous and corresponding to a total sample area of 12,000 m² distributed over the topographic units (Low Ramp, Lower Slope, Upper Slope and Hill Top). The topographic units Low Ramp, Lower Slope and Upper Slope were in the middle stage of succession as they presented incipient stratification into two strata (canopy and understory) i.e. canopy ranging from 5 to 12 m high. However, the stratum Hill Top was classified as intermediate/advanced succession because it had a total height equal to or greater than 12 m. The distribution of individual trees of the four strata on diameter classes showed a typical J-inverted pattern that is, high concentration of individuals in smaller diameter classes and a sharp reduction towards the larger classes. In relation to absolute dominance and total volume of species, the ecological group that stood out in the four strata (Low Ramp, Lower Slope, Upper Slope and Hill Top) was the initial secondary, which were in the intermediate stage of secondary, rapidly developing into the mature phase.

Population structure and density of Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng. (Arecaceae) in a semideciduous forest

The structure of a population can be seen as the result of biotic and abiotic interacting forces. The studies of population characteristics are vital to improve the understanding of ecosystem functioning. In this study, we attempted to answer the two following questions: What are the population structure of Attalea phalerata? and Are there any influence of reproducers presence, canopy openness, declivity, basal area and soil coverage on recruitment of individuals in this population? We distinguished four ontogenetic stages in A. phalerata. Reproducers and virgins were sampled by using 25 plots (400 m²), juveniles and seedlings were sampled in sub-plots (100 m²). We found 2,328 Attalea phalerata individuals per hectare, first two ontogenetic stages accounted for 89.8% of the total, describing a relatively stable population. None of the analyzed factors were affecting the natural regeneration of Attalea phalerata in the fragment. The density and distribution pattern found for the population are probably signs of formation of oligarchic forests, moreover, the species seems to be able to colonize clearings and open areas.

Tree population and community dynamics in a Brazilian tropical semideciduous forest

The dynamics of the tree community and 30 tree populations were examined in an area of tropical semideciduous forest located on the margin of the Rio Grande, SE Brazil, based on surveys done in 1990 and 1997 in three 0.18 ha plots. The main purpose was to assess whether variations in dynamics were related to topography and the effects of a catastrophic flood in 1992. Rates of mortality and recruitment of trees and gain and loss of basal area in two topographic sites, lower (flooded) and upper (non-flooded), were obtained. Projected trajectories of mean and accelerated growth in diameter were obtained for each species. In both topographic sites, mortality rates surpassed recruitment rates, gain rates of basal area surpassed loss rates, and size distributions changed, with declining proportions of smaller trees. These overall changes were possibly related to increased underground water supply after the 1992 flood as well as to a c. 250-year-old process of primary succession on abandoned gold mines. Possible effects of the 1992 flood showed up in the higher proportions of dead trees in the flooded sites and faster growth rates in the flood-free sites. Species of different regeneration guilds showed particular trends with respect to their demographic changes and diameter growth patterns. Nevertheless, patterns of population dynamics differed between topographic sites for only two species.

Species richness of anthophilous butterflies of an Atlantic Forest fragment in Southeastern Brazil

The objectives of this study were to identify anthophilous butterflies on psychophilous flowers of four Asteraceae species in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Southeastern Brazil, and to determine whether there are species in common with other lepidopteran inventories of the Southeastern and Midwestern regions of Brazil. It is the first inventory of anthophilous butterflies of a semideciduous forest fragment in Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais. A total of 108 species were recorded, representing the fourth largest lepidopteran survey in this State. The results demonstrated that Asteraceae species may be important tools for monitoring anthophilous butterflies. The similarity with other inventories ranged from 1 to 92.55%. Fifteen species were reported for the first time in the State of Minas Gerais, and among them, Melanis alena and Thisbe irenea were observed in this study only.

Distribution of tree species in a geomorphological and pedological gradient of submontane semidecidual seasonal forest in the vicinity of Rio Doce state park, Minas Gerais

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the distribution of tree species in a fragment of submontane seasonal semideciduous forest, a buffer zone in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, is influenced by geomorphological and weather and soil variables, therefore it can represent a source of information for the restoration of degraded areas where environmental conditions are similar to those of the study area. A detailed soil survey was conducted in the area by sampling three soil profiles per slope segment, totaling 12 profiles. To sample the topsoil, four composite samples were collected from the 10-20 cm layers in each topographic range totaling 16 composite samples. In the low ramp and the lower and upper concave slopes, the texture ranged from clay to sandy-clay. The soil and topographic gradient was characterized by changes in the soil physical-chemical properties. The soil in the 10-20 cm sampled layer was sandier, slightly more fertile and less acid in the low ramp than the clayer soil, nutrient-poor and highly acid soil at the top. The soil conditions in the lower and upper slope of the sampled layers, in turn, were intermediate. The P levels were limiting in all soils. The species distribution along the topographic gradient was associated with variations in chemical fertility, acidity and soil texture. The distribution of Pera leandri, Astronium fraxinifolium, Pouteria torta, Machaerium brasiliense and Myrcia rufipes was correlated with high aluminum levels and to low soil fertility and these species may be indicated for restoration of degraded areas on hillsides and hilltops in regions where environmental conditions are similar. The distribution of Pouteria venosa, Apuleia leiocarpa and Acacia polyphylla was correlated with the less acid and more fertile soil in the environment of the low ramps, indicating the potential for the restoration of similar areas.

Corticolous green algae from tropical forest remnants in the northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil

The algae inhabit a wide variety of terrestrial environments and substrates; however the taxonomic knowledge for tropical regions is still scarce. This survey was conducted in ten forest remnants in São Paulo State where visible growths of algae and bryophytes were collected and studied for the main algal components of the communities. Results reveal the occurrence of nine species of green algae, distributed through the class Trebouxiophyceae (one species), Charophyceae (one species) and Ulvophyceae (seven species). Desmococcus olivaceus (Persoon ex Archerson) J. R. Laundon and Printzina effusa (Krempelhüber) Thompson & Wujek are new records for Brazil. The most frequent organisms found in the areas pertain to Trentepohliales that is mainly represented by Trentepohlia species. On the basis of results found, it is recommended that such communities receive more attention in future investigations to improve the knowledge about this important group of primary producers.

Corticolous cyanobacteria from tropical forest remnants in northwestern São Paulo State, Brazil

Cyanobacteria are common in aquatic environments but are also well-adapted to terrestrial habitats where they are represented by a diversified flora. The present study aimed to contribute to our taxonomic knowledge of terrestrial cyanobacteria by way of a floristic survey of the main components of corticolous communities found in seasonal semideciduous forest fragments. Samples of visible growths of Cyanobacteria, algae, and bryophytes found on tree bark were randomly collected and their taxonomies examined. Eighteen species of Cyanobacteria were found belonging to the genera Aphanothece, Chroococcus, Lyngbya, Phormidium, Porphyrosiphon, Hapalosiphon, Hassalia, Nostoc, Scytonema, and Stigonema. Many genera and species observed in the present work have been reported in previous surveys of the aerophytic flora in several regions of the world, although six species were described only on the basis of populations found in the forest fragments studied, which highlights the importance of taxonomic studies of cyanobacteria in these habitats.

Sarchophagid flies (Insecta, Diptera) from pig carcasses in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with nine new records from the Cerrado, a threatened Neotropical biome

Sarchophagid flies (Insecta, Diptera) from pig carcasses in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with nine new records from the Cerrado, a threatened Neotropical biome. The diversity of the Sarcophagidae fauna of the Cerrado biome, also know as the Brazilian Savanna, is still underestimated. In this research we collected flies in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, during a Forensic Entomology experiment. Samples were collected throughout the decomposition process of domestic pig (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) carcasses, and the experiments were conducted in areas of pasture and semideciduous forest. A total of 85,694 adult flesh flies belonging to 57 species were collected from all carcasses. New records for nine species of Sarcophaginae are provided, including the first record of Blaesoxipha (Acridiophaga) caridei (Brèthes, 1906) to Brazil, and new occurrences of the following species for the Cerrado and/or for the state of Minas Gerais: Blaesoxipha (Acanthodotheca) acridiophagoides (Lopes & Downs, 1951), Malacophagomyia filamenta (Dodge, 1964), Nephochaetopteryx orbitalis (Curran & Walley, 1934), Nephochaetopteryx cyaneiventris Lopes, 1936, Nephochaetopteryx pallidiventris Townsend, 1934, Oxysarcodexia occulta Lopes, 1946, Ravinia effrenata (Walker, 1861) and Sarcophaga (Neobellieria) polistensis (Hall, 1933).

Beta-ionone attracts Euglossa mandibularis(Hymenoptera, Apidae) males in western Paraná forests

ABSTRACTMales of Euglossa mandibularis were consistently captured in scent traps baited with β-ionone in areas of Mixed Ombrophylous Forests or transition between this latter physiognomy and Montane Semideciduous Forest at Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, Paraná state, Brazil. Geographic records for the species and sampling effort (including or not β-ionone among the offered compounds) along Atlantic Forest biome are presented and discussed. We also discuss seasonal and geographic variation in collection of scents by orchid bees.

Produção de serapilheira em clareiras de uma floresta estacional semidecidual no município de Campinas, SP

Estudou-se a produção de serapilheira em 10 clareiras naturais da Reserva Municipal de Santa Genebra (22°49'45"S e 47°06'33"W) em Campinas, SP. Foram utilizados 30 coletores de madeira de 0,5 x 0,5 m com fundo em tela de náilon com 1,0 mm² de malha, colocados a 10 cm acima da superfície do solo. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente de janeiro a dezembro de 1997. Em laboratório, o material depositado nos coletores foi triado nas frações folhas, ramos (até 2,0 cm de diâmetro), flores e frutos, seco em estufa a 70°C e pesado em balança analítica. A produção anual de serapilheira foi estimada para as clareiras como um todo em 5968 kg.ha­1, sendo a fração foliar dominante (75,87% do peso seco total), seguida das frações ramos com 19,27%, frutos com 3,17% e flores com 1,69%. A produção de serapilheira foi contínua ao longo do ano, apresentando um modelo sazonal, com os maiores valores no final da estação seca, atingindo valor máximo em setembro. Entre clareiras, a produção de serapilheira correlacionou-se significativa e positivamente com a dominância de espécies pioneiras.

Florística e estrutura de três trechos de uma floresta semidecídua na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí, Ouro Preto, MG

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido em três trechos de floresta semidecídua, que no passado tiveram usos diferenciados, localizados na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí (EET), Ouro Preto (MG), objetivando verificar as variações qualitativas e equantitativas das espécies arbóreas. As áreas 1 (A1) e 2 (A2) representam os trechos mais preservados da floresta, não havendo relatos de perturbação, como fogo ou retirada de madeira, nos últimos 30 anos. A área 3 (A3) representa o trecho sucessional mais jovem da floresta, onde houve uma antiga plantação de chá preto, abandonada há 40 anos. Foram demarcadas, em cada trecho, três parcelas de 10 x 30 m, onde foram amostrados todos os indivíduos vivos com perímetro a altura do peito (PAP) 3 5 cm. Os solos na EET foram considerados estruturalmente jovens e de baixa fertilidade. Encontrou-se um total de 68 espécies, pertencentes a 42 gêneros, representando 25 famílias. As famílias mais representativas em número de espécies foram Myrtaceae (13), Lauraceae (9), Fabaceae (5), Flacourtiaceae (5) e Rubiaceae (5). Nos trechos de floresta A1 e A2, a distribuição em classes de PAP e de altura foram significativamente diferentes da verificada no trecho A3. O índice de Shannon foi maior em A1 (3,15), seguido de A3 (3,00) e de A2 (2,36). Observou-se uma baixa similaridade florística, pelo índice de Sorensen, entre os três trechos estudados. As diferenças florísticas e estruturais encontradas devem-se, principalmente, às diferentes intensidades de pressão antrópica a que os trechos foram submetidos no passado.

Estrutura e diversidade do componente arbóreo da floresta na Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus, Gália, SP

O estudo fitossociológico, se realizado em diferentes estratos verticais da floresta, fornece dados de grande valia para a compreensão da dinâmica da comunidade. Efetuou-se levantamento das espécies arbóreas presentes em diferentes estratos, em área de 6.000 m² de floresta madura, na Estação Ecológica dos Caetetus, Gália, SP. Foram utilizadas 60 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, para indivíduos com diâmetro do caule a 1,30 m acima do nível do solo (DAP) a partir de 5 cm (estrato superior); 10 x 2 m, para indivíduos com DAP entre 1 e 5 cm (estrato intermediário) e 60 sub-parcelas de 2 x 2 m, para indivíduos menores que 1 cm de DAP (estrato inferior). Verificou-se que a diversidade, a composição florística e a densidade relativa das espécies variam entre estratos. No estrato superior, com 1.080 indivíduos.ha-1 e área basal de 31,2 m².ha-1, encontraram-se 62 espécies (28 famílias), tendo sido as mais importantes, em ordem decrescente de IVI: Metrodorea nigra, Savia dictyocarpa, Ocotea indecora, Aspidosperma polyneuron e Trichilia catigua. O estrato intermediário apresentou-se com densidade de 3.525 indivíduos.ha-1, pertencentes a 30 espécies (17 famílias), sendo as mais importantes em ordem decrescente de IVI: Metrodorea nigra, Actinostemon concolor, Trichilia catigua, Aspidosperma polyneuron e Trichilia clausenii. No estrato inferior a densidade foi de 28.875 indivíduos.ha-1, pertencentes a 37 espécies (19 famílias), sendo as mais abundantes, em ordem decrescente de densidade relativa: Metrodorea nigra, Actinostemon concolor, Trichilia catigua, Aspidosperma polyneuron e Eugenia blastantha. Constatou-se que há espécies do estrato superior da floresta que não foram observadas em regeneração, especialmente heliófitas de estádios sucessionais iniciais (p. ex. Croton floribundus). Outras ocorreram com densidade relativa decrescente nos estratos inferiores (p. ex. Savia dictyocarpa e Ocotea indecora). Para outras espécies, as sementes germinaram, mas não se desenvolveram à sombra, estando ausentes no estrato intermediário (p. ex. Cariniana estrellensis). Observou-se, ainda, um grupo de espécies, de estádios sucessionais mais avançados, que apresentaram a mesma densidade relativa em todos os estratos (p. ex. Metrodorea nigra e Aspidosperma polyneuron).

Produção de serapilheira em três trechos de uma floresta semidecídua com diferentes graus de perturbação na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí, Ouro Preto, MG

Foram estudados três trechos de uma floresta semidecídua na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de diferenças na produção de serapilheira de acordo com o grau de perturbação. A serapilheira foi coletada entre julho de 1997 e agosto de 1998, usando-se dez coletores de 0,36 m², em cada trecho. A produção anual nos trechos A1 (6,78 ± 0,65 t.ha-1) e A2 (6,58 ± 0,49 t.ha-1) foi significativamente superior à estimada no trecho A3 (5,09 ± 0,58 t.ha-1) (ANOVA, p < 0,01). Os três trechos apresentaram padrão semelhante de produção da serapilheira, com o pico máximo ocorrendo em setembro (teste Tukey, p < 0,0001). A abundância de espécies pioneiras foi menos importante que a estatura do dossel na determinação da produção de serapilheira nas três áreas.

Dinâmica do dossel em mata semidecídua no perímetro urbano de Belo Horizonte, MG

A análise da dinâmica do dossel tem grande importância para se avaliar o efeito da urbanização nos fragmentos florestais, uma vez que alterações nas copas resultam em modificações abióticas e bióticas abaixo destas. Para a analise da dinâmica do dossel, avaliou-se a produção de serapilheira e o índice de área foliar (IAF), obtido por três diferentes metodologias, durante dois anos, em um fragmento de mata semidecídua, do perímetro urbano de Belo Horizonte, MG. A produção de serapilheira média anual foi de aproximadamente 6,47 t. ha-1. ano-1, com grande variação sazonal. Os valores médios de IAF obtidos a partir de fotografias hemisféricas (IAF-foto) e utilizando o LAI-2000 (LI-COR) (IAF-LAI2000), no final da estação chuvosa, foram respectivamente, 2,3 e 4,9 e 0,78 e 1,3, na estação seca. Esses valores foram superiores aos valores de IAF obtidos a partir da área foliar específica das folhas da serapilheira (IAF-serapilheira). Os métodos utilizando imagens hemisféricas (IAF-foto e IAF-LAI2000) mostraram, apesar de valores distintos, a dinâmica do dossel de maneira similar. O IAF-serrapilheira mostra essa dinâmica de maneira inversa, com uma boa relação linear negativa entre os valores de IAF, obtidos através das imagens hemisféricas, e os valores de IAF obtidos através das folhas da serapilheira. Esses resultados sugerem que as três metodologias igualmente podem ser utilizadas para registrar a dinâmica do dossel.