RESEARCH OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES FROM RETROVIRUSES, CMV AND HBV AMONG PRISONERS OF THE PENITENTIARY COMPLEX OF THE REGION OF CAMPINAS, SP, BRAZIL

Some viruses of the families Retroviridae, such as Human T Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV); Herpesviridae as the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Hepadnaviridae such as the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) are liable to be co-transmitted with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Since prisoners are exposed to several and important risk factors involved in the transmission of HIV and the above mentioned viruses, male inmates from the penitentiary complex of Campinas, SP, Brazil, including HIV + and HIV - ones, were examined for the presence of HTLV-I and/or II antibodies; IgG and IgM anti-CMV antibodies, and the research of the superficial hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg). The presence of anti-HTLV-I and/or II was determined by the Western Blot (WB) technique, whereas IgG and IgM anti-CMV and the search of HBsAg were carried out by the Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay (MEIA-Abbott Lab).With regard to anti-HTLV-I and/or II, 58.3% (14/24-Number of positive reactions/number of sera examined) were reactive among the anti-HIV positive sera. Conversely, only 12.5% (3/24) among the HIV- negative sera showed positive reactions to HTLV-I and/or II antibodies. When looking for IgG anti-CMV percentages of 97.7% (43/44) and 95% (38/40) were obtained for anti-HIV positive and negative sera, respectively. As to IgM anti-CMV antibodies 11.36% (5/44) and 2.5% (1/40) of reactive sera were found for anti-HIV positive and negative, respectively. The HBsAg was found in 12.8% (5/39) of the sera which were anti-HIV positive.

Health survey on the Ilha da Conceição, state of Rio de Janeiro: I. Study design and report of selected demographic and environmental characteristics

During July and August of 1968, a Health survey was conducted on the Ilha da Conceição, an area of Niterói containing approximately one thousand households. The survey was conducted by students from the Universidade Federal Fluminense and the University of Maryland, and was under the supervision of faculty of the Department of Tropical Medicine at U.F.F. and from the Department of Preventive Medicine at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. The survey was focused on a 25 percent random sample of the households on the island. Information was obtained from a responsible adult at each Household for completion of a Health questionnaire. Physical measurements, as well as laboratory study information were obtained from, all children in these households. A number of environmental sanitation problems were identified on the Ilha da Conceição. In addition, the survey indicated that approximately half the children had not been adequately immunized against diphteria, pertussis and typhoid. Preventable communicable diseases were the major cause of reported deaths which had occurred in infants ou Household members. The Health of the population on the Ilha da Conceição could well be enhanced by the development of an intelligence system indicating the immunization status of all children in the area. In addition a Health education program for the residents could well be beneficial for improvement of sanitary conditions on the island, as well as maternity and well baby care.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroprevalence among Inmates of the Penitentiary Complex of the Region of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil

Six hundred and ninety three male inmates from three penitentiaries, two (A and B) maximum-security systems and one (C) minimum-security facility, located in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil were studied for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies, using a cross-sectional design. The search for anti-HIV antibodies in 693 samples of sera collected was carried out by two serological tests: (a) the Microparticle enzyme immunoassay-HIV-1 and HIV-2 (MEIA) (Abbott Laboratories) and (b) the Western Blot-HIV-1 (WB) (Cambridge Biotech Corporation) to confirm positive results with MEIA. Sera reactivity for HIV antibodies was 14.4%. The highest frequency of anti-HIV antibodies was found in the A and B maximum-security prisons: 17% and 21.5%, respectively. In prison C, the frequency of reagents was 10.9%. Seventy three inmates, initially negative in the MEIA test, were checked again five and seven months later. Three of them, all from the maximum-security facilities, became reactive in the MEIA test, with confirmation in the WB, suggesting that serological conversion had occurred after imprisonment.

Resultados do inquérito alimentar realizado nas cidades de Apiaí, Ribeira e Barra do Chapéu (São Paulo, Brasil)

Foram apresentados os resultados do inquérito alimentar realizado na região do Vale do Ribeira, nas cidades de Apiaí, Ribeira e Barra do Chapéu (São Paulo, Brasil), em amostra constituída por 154 famílias, totalizando 939 indivíduos. O método utilizado para o levantamento foi o de pesagem "um dia sete dias". A análise dos dados evidenciou que em Apiaí as adequações médias de proteína, ferro e niacina foram as únicas que ultrapassaram os 100% dos valores recomendados, enquanto que, na cidade de Barra do Chapéu este fato ocorreu em relação à ferro, niacina e vitamina B1. Com referência à cidade de Ribeira, apenas niacina atingiu uma adequação de 100%, sendo que os demais nutrientes apresentaram resultados inferiores.

O consumo de vitamina A em Ribeira, São Paulo (Brasil)

Foi evidenciado o problema da baixa adequação de vitamina A, em localidade considerada grande produtora de alimento rico nesse nutriente, a cidade de Ribeira (S. Paulo, Brasil ), produtora de mamão (Carica Papaya L.). A análise dos dados evidencia que esse alimento, que poderia contribuir para cobrir as necessidades recomendadas de vitamina A, foi consumido em quantidades ínfimas. Atribuiu-se esse fato, à falta de conhecimento por parte da população local, do valor nutritivo dos alimentos ricos em vitamina A. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de campanhas de educação alimentar.

Normas obtidas na instalação do Centro de Educação e Alimentação do Pré-Escolar (CEAPE) em grupo escolar do município de São Paulo, Brasil

Para extrair normas que possam servir de guia para a instalação de Centros de Educação e Alimentação do Pré-Escolar (CEAPE) em escolas da Capital, foi instalado o CEAPE em Grupo Escolar da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, Brasil. As normas obtidas referem-se: a) ao treinamento em Nutrição de professores do Grupo Escolar, responsáveis pelo programa; b) ao Curso de Nutrição ministrado às mães que inscreverem seus filhos pré-escolares no CEAPE, e c) à instalação propriamente dita do programa, referente à freqüência dos pré-escolares e à educação nutricional das mães, através de sua participação nas atividades do CEAPE. Recomenda-se a motivação preliminar do Diretor e dos professores do Grupo Escolar para garantir a continuidade do programa; o conhecimento prévio das características da comunidade e da escola para adaptação do CEAPE às condições locais. Foi preconizada a extensão dos Centros de Educação e Alimentação do Pré-Escolar através das redes de escolas primárias, como medida eficiente e econômica para melhorar as condições de saúde do pré-escolar.

Epidemiology of the viral hepatitis B and C in female prisoners of Metropolitan Regional Prison Complex in the State of Goiás, Central Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Little information regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among Brazilian female prisoners exists. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with HBV and HCV infections and identified viral genotypes among female prisoners in Goiás, Central Brazil. METHODS: Women incarcerated in the largest prison in the State of Goiás were invited to participate in the study. All female prisoners were interviewed and tested for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs), against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), and antibody against HCV (anti-HCV) by ELISA. HBsAg and anti-HCV positive samples were tested for HBV DNA and HCV RNA and genotyped, respectively. RESULTS: Participants (n=148; 98.6%) completed the study with an overall HBV prevalence of 18.9%. Age >30 years, a low education level, sex with a sexually transmitted diseases carrier, and a male sexual partner serving in the same penitentiary were associated with HBV infections. Only 24% of the women were anti-HBs positive suggesting previous HBV vaccination. Nine female prisoners (6.1%) were anti-HCV positive. Age >40 years, injecting drug use and length of incarceration were statistically associated with anti-HCV antibodies. Five samples were HCV RNA positive and classified as genotypes 1 (subtypes 1a; n=3 and 1b; n=1) and 3 (subtype 3a; n=1). The HBsAg-reactive sample was HBV DNA positive and genotype A. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the necessity of public policies to control hepatitis B and C infections and emphasize the importance of hepatitis B vaccination in prison environments.

Larvae of Alaus myops, A. oculatus, Chalcolepidius porcatus, Hemirhipus apicalis and generic larval characterization (Elateridae, Agrypninae, Hemirhipini)

Larva of Hemirhipus Latreille, 1825 is herein described for the first time. Larvae of Chalcolepidius porcatus (Linnaeus, 1767), from Peru, and Hemirhipus apicalis Candèze, 1857, from Argentina, are described and of Alaus myops (Fabricius, 1801), from USA (Illinois and Maryland), and A. oculatus (Linnaeus, 1758), from USA (Illinois and Florida), are redescribed and illustrated. A comparison among the known larvae in each genus is presented. An historical review and the larval characterization of five genera and fourteen species of Hemirhipini genera are also included.

Functional independence measure in patients with intermittent claudication

AbstractOBJECTIVEOf this study were to evaluate the functional independence of patients with intermittent claudication and to verify its association with sociodemographic and clinical variables, walking ability and physical activity level.METHODThis was a descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Fifty participants (66.4 years; 68% male) were recruited from Claudication Unit of a tertiary hospital. Functional Independence Measure were used to evaluate functional incapacity; the Baltimore Activity Scale, to estimate the physical activity level and the Walking Impairement Questionnaire, the walking ability.RESULTSParticipants had complete functional independence (124.8 + 2.0), low levels of physical activity (4.2 + 2.0), and impairment of walking ability; the worst performance was found in walking velocity domain (21.2 + 16.4). The functional independence score was associated with physical activity (r=0,402) and walking ability scores (distance, r=0,485; speed, r=0,463; stairs, r=0,337).CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the level of functionality is associated with functional capacity in these patients.

Composição florística de um trecho de floresta ripária na Mata Atlântica em Picinguaba, Ubatuba, SP

O presente trabalho trata do estudo florístico da vegetação arbórea que ocorre ao longo de um trecho das margens do rio da Fazenda, localizado no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo de Picinguaba, no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, município de Ubatuba (44°48' W e 23°22' S). Para a realização do levantamento, foram alocadas 40 parcelas de 10 m x 10 m, ao longo de um trecho do rio, sendo amostrados todos indivíduos com perímetro à altura do peito maior ou igual a 20 cm (DAP = 6,36 cm). Os 673 indivíduos amostrados distribuíram-se entre 120 espécies, 83 gêneros e 37 famílias. Myrtaceae foi a família de maior riqueza, com 28 espécies, seguida por Fabaceae (11), Rubiaceae e Lauraceae (8 cada uma). Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae), Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart. (Sapotaceae), Coussarea nodosa Müll. Arg. (Rubiaceae) e Sloanea guianensis Benth. (Elaeocarpaceae) foram as populações com maior número de indivíduos. O índice de diversidade de Shannon encontrado foi H' = 4,07 nats/indivíduo, mostrando a grande diversidade da vegetação na área de estudo. As informações obtidas neste trabalho ressaltam a alta complexidade da Floresta Pluvial Tropical da Encosta Atlântica ao longo de sua extensão e fornecem dados para estudos comparativos com outros trechos de Mata Atlântica ou mesmo com outras formações florestais.

Fenologia da copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. -- Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) em uma floresta semidecídua no sudeste do Brasil

A fenologia da emissão foliar, floração e frutificação para espécies de florestas tropicais é pouco conhecida, embora estes ecossistemas apresentem grande diversidade de padrões fenológicos. Foi estudada, de fevereiro de 1991 a abril de 1993, a fenologia da copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.) na Reserva de Santa Genebra. Foram feitas observações em 36 indivíduos e analisadas queda de folhas, brotamento, floração e frutificação. A queda de folhas e o brotamento foram as fenofases mais sincronizadas dentro da população. Estes eventos ocorreram no final da estação seca (queda de folhas) e início da estação chuvosa (brotamento) e foram relacionados principalmente com a precipitação. A floração ocorreu na estação chuvosa e a frutificação na estação seca. A frutificação ocorreu em ciclos supra-anuais, com anos de produção intensa seguidos de anos sem frutificação. Além dos fatores climáticos, as interações com dispersores e predadores de sementes também parecem influenciar o padrão de frutificação observado em Copaifera langsdorffii.

The vulnerability of Brazilian female prisoners to HIV infection

The purpose of the present study was to determine the vulnerability of women in prison to HIV infection. The study was carried out from August to October 2000 in a São Paulo State Penitentiary, where 299 female prisoners were serving time. We interviewed and obtained a blood sample from 290 females who agreed to enter the study. Sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated for variables related to HIV positivity on the basis of a questionnaire. The overall prevalence data were: 13.9% for HIV (37 of 267), 22.8% for syphilis (66 of 290), and 16.2% for HCV (47 of 290). Sexual partnership variables were significantly related to HIV infection. These included HIV-positive partners (OR = 7.36, P = 0.0001), casual partners (OR = 8.96, P = 0.009), injectable drug user partners (OR = 4.7, P = 0.0001), and history of sexually transmitted disease (OR = 2.07, P = 0.05). In addition, a relationship was detected between HIV infection and drug use (OR = 2.48, P = 0.04) and injectable drug use (OR = 4.2, P = 0.002). Even women with only one partner presented a significant OR for HIV infection (OR = 2.57, P = 0.009), reflecting their vulnerability due to their trust in their partner, who did not use a condom. Although the use of injectable substances is associated with HIV infection, our results point to sexual behavior as the most important component of HIV transmission in the female prisoner population.