O PRIMEIRO SACRAMENTO – BATISMOS DE ESCRAVOS EM IGUAPE (1811-1850)

Com base em registros de batismo de crianças escravas e nas listas nominativas de habitantes, estudamos diversas características desse primeiro sacramento católico. A partir do cruzamento nominativo dessas fontes, nossa atenção está nos batismos, nos infantes batizados, em seus pais, padrinhos e proprietários, tomados sobre o pano de fundo do dinamismo da rizicultura em Iguape, São Paulo, no Vale do Ribeira.

APROVEITAMENTO RACIONAL DE PESCADO DE ÁGUA DOCE DA AMAZÔNIA. I. AVALIAÇÃO DO FRESCOR DOS JARAQUIS (SEMAPROCHILODUS TAENIURUS VALLENCIENNES, 1811 E S. INSIGNISSCHOMBURGK, 1841)

Estudou-se o tempo de conservação em gelo de 339 amostras de jaraqui escama fina (Semaprochilodus taeniurus)e 361 amostras de jaraqui escama qcossa (Semaprochilodus insignis).As amostras estudadas foram divididas em 17 lotes, dos quais se estudou as medidas morfométricas, peso e rendimento, bem como os testes sensoriais das características: EXTERNA, INTERNAS e ODORES DAS GUELRAS. A pontuação foi atribuida por uma equipe com um mínimo de 05 avaliadores. A chave proposta para avallar o frescor, ficou com 25 pontos para peixes recém-capturados e 08 pontos mínimos quando se tornava impróprio para consumo humano. Apresenta-se a composição centesimal dos lotes e as determinações de qualidade, tais como: pH, Rancidez oxidativa do músculo pelo método (TBA), Bases Voláteis Totals (BVT) e Trimetilamina (TMA). A duração média da conservação no gelo foi de 19,5 dias para o jaraqui escama fina e 17,5 dias para o jaraqui escama qrossa.

Ocorrência de dois citotipos em Serrasalmus spilopleura Kner, 1858 (characiformes, serrasalmidae) da região de confluência dos Rios Negro e Solimões, Amazonas, Brasil

Descreve-se pela primeira vez o cariótipo de exemplares de S. spilopleura da Amazônia Central. Todos os indivíduos analisados apresentaram número diplóide igual a 60 cromossomos, em conformidade com os dados da espécie obtidos em indivíduos da bacia do Paraná-Paraguai. No entanto, dois citótipos foram encontrados em simpatria na região de confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões, os quais não estão relacionados a heteromorfismo sexual. Além disso, os dois citótipos da Amazônia diferem dos três anteriormente descritos em exemplares do Paraná-Paraguai. A presença de distintos citótipos encontrados em simpatria e alopatria para S. spilopleura nos leva a sugerir que, ou essa espécie apresenta uma ampla heterogeneidade cariotípica ou existe um complexo de espécies cuja morfologia é muito semelhante.

Substituição natural de rainhas fisogástricas e distância de vôo dos machos em Tiuba (Melipona compressipes fasciculata Smith, 1854) e Uruçu (Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811) (Apidae, Meliponini)

Este trabalho relata detalhes da vida reprodutiva de duas espécies de abelhas sem ferrão. Rainhas velhas de Melipona compressipes fasciculata, no Maranhão, morrem e são substituídas com sucesso em todos os meses. Rainhas de Melipona scutellaris, trazidas de Lençóis (BA - nordeste do Brasil) para Uberlândia (MG, centro-sudeste do Brasil) morreram durante todos os meses e não mostraram a existência de trimestre preferencial para as novas rainhas iniciarem postura. Quarenta machos de M. scutellaris, após serem marcados no tórax e libertados em grupos de 10 a 100, 400, 800 e 1000 metros do meliponário, tiveram seus retornos observados. Todos os machos libertados a 100 e 400 metros regressaram ao meliponário, 7 de 10 machos e 2 de 10 machos retornaram de 800 e 1000 metros, respectivamente. Os machos esperam constantemente pela saída de uma rainha virgem, próximos às colônias órfãs, o que indica que a maioria das rainhas é inseminada próximo aos seus ninhos, portanto, a dispersão dos genes depende do vôo dos machos e da distância de enxameagem para ocupação de uma cavidade para o novo ninho.

Contribuição para. o conhecimento da "saúva de vidro" Atta laevigata Fred. Smith, 1858

In 1961, field investigations on "saúva de vidro" (parasol ant, Atta laevigata (Fred. Smith, 1858) were carried out at Piracicaba and other regions of the State of São Paulo (Brazil). This species was found to be a serious pest of cultivated plants, specially Eucalyptus and cotton. The ant makes its colony in any kind of soil, but it prefers to live in the poor ones.

Estudos sobre nematodeos filarideos: Dipetalonema caudispina (Molin 1858)

The A. studies critically the literature on D. caudispina (Molin, 1858) and concludes that it is a good species, differing from D. gracilis (Rudolphi, 1809), principally, by the longer spicule. This conclusion is confirmed by the study of material collected by d'Almeida in the abdominal cavity of one specimen of Ateles paniscus (L.), of the State of Pará, Brazil. In contradiction to Stiles & Hassall's opinion the A. indicates this monkey for host-type of the Molin's species. A synonymic list and a redescription of D. caudispina are given.

Vital Statistics of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille 1811) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under Experimental Conditions

A statistical evaluation of the population dynamics of Panstrongylus geniculatus is based on a cohort experiment conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Animals were fed on hen every 15 days. Egg incubation took 21 days; mean duration of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs was 25, 30, 58, 62, and 67 days, respectively; mean nymphal development time was 39 weeks and adult longevity was 72 weeks. Females reproduced during 30 weeks, producing an average of 61.6 eggs for female on its lifetime; the average number of eggs/female/week was 2.1. Total number of eggs produced by the cohort was 1379. Average hatch for the cohort was 88.9%; it was not affected by age of the mother. Age specific survival and reproduction tables were constructed. The following population parameters were evaluated, generation time was 36.1 weeks; net reproduction rate was 89.4; intrinsic rate of natural increase was 0.125; instantaneous birth and death rates were 0.163 and 0.039 respectively; finite rate of increase was 1.13; total reproductive value was 1196 and stable age distribution was 31.2% eggs, 64.7% nymphs and 4.1% adults. Finally the population characteristics of P. geniculatus lead to the conclusion that this species is a K strategist.

Evidence of colonization of man-made ecotopes by Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) in Costa Rica

Triatoma dimidiata adults have been frequently found, during the last five years, in a dog kennel and a chicken coop, in the back yard of a well-built house, 15 km from San José, the capital of Costa Rica. In the chicken coop nymphs were also found. Two of the 11 dogs from the kennel were serologically positive for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The inhabitants of the house, three adults and two children, were negative. This type of colonization by the insect, which is attracted to lights, is becoming common in old and new settlements, with different degrees of success, a fact with epidemiological implications and great relevance in the control strategies that can be applied.

Environmental management for the control of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Costa Rica: a pilot project

An ecological control method, using environmental management operations, based on biological and behavioral characteristics of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), was implemented as a pilot project in an area of Costa Rica where the bug is prevalent. The sample was represented by 20 houses with peridomestic colonies (two also had indoor infestation), divided in two equivalent groups of 10 each. In one group we intervened the houses, i.e. all objects or materials that were serving as artificial ecotopes for the bugs were removed, and the second group was used as control houses. After a year of periodic follow up, it became evident that in those houses with a modified environment the number of insects had decreased notoriously even after the first visits and this was more evident after a period of 12.5 to 13.5 months in which no insects were detected in eight of the houses. It also became clear that in this group of houses, recolonization by wild bugs from the surrounding areas, became more difficult, probably due to the absence of protection from bug predators. In the control houses, with the exception of three in which the inhabitants decided to intervene on their own, and another house with a peculiar situation, the insect populations remained the same or even showed a tendency to increase, as confirmed at the end of the experiment. We believe that the method is feasible, low costing and non contaminating. It could be used successfully in other places where T. dimidiata is common and also in countries where other species colonize peridomestic areas of homes. Environmental management of this kind should seek the participation of the members of the communities, in order to make it a more permanent control measure.