Justus Von Liebig, 1803-1873. Parte 1: vida, personalidade, pensamento

This first of two papers allusive to the 200th birthday of Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) deals with the origins, life, education, ideas and influence of one of the great 19th century chemists. The principal characteristics of his "Giessen model of teaching research in chemistry" are presented, as well as the role played by many of his students in the evolution of chemical research in various countries. Liebig's strong personality, his controversies, his contribution to the chemical scene in Giessen and Munich are presented. Although few, the connections with Latin-American chemistry are focused.

Immunopathology in ocular toxoplasmosis: facts and clues

Although parasite-mediated host cell lysis is deemed to be an important cause of tissue destruction in ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), the severity of the disease is probably correlated with hypersensitivity and inflammation. Notwithstanding, the mechanisms that regulate the inflammatory process in recurrent OT are poorly understood. Recent evidence has identified interleukin (IL) 17 as a marker for disease severity. The ocular and cerebral presence of this cytokine is generally associated with the induction of autoimmune responses in the brain and the eye. Indeed, there are indications that autoimmunity may contribute to clinical variability in the activity of OT. IL-23, which induces the proliferation of IL-17-producing cells and IL-27, which is a counterplayer to IL-17, may regulate T(H)-1-cell-mediated responses in OT. The importance of these cytokines in experimental models of uveitis and encephalitis has been recently reported. CD25(+) regulatory T-cells may control the local inflammatory response and protect the host against collateral inflammatory tissue damage. The responses of these cells to OT may be suitably tailored to cope with either an acquired or a congenital aetiology. Knowledge relating to immunoreactivity in OT has grown impressively during the past few years. Its characteristic and variable features have been identified and the potential relevance of autoimmunity has been assessed. In light of this knowledge, potential future treatment options have been considered.

O ensino da química na Escola Superior de Agricultura "São Bento", Olinda - São Lourenço da Mata - Pernambuco (1912-1936)

The present work proposes the investigation of the role of chemistry in the curriculum of the Higher School of Agriculture "São Bento" (1912-1936) and its function in the education of agronomic engineers. The circumstances under which the Higher Schools of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine in Olinda were founded at the beginning of the XXth century are discussed. The article further treats the influence of the principles of Justus von Liebig, which were seen at that time as essential for a rational agriculture.

Determinação de As, Cd e Pb em amêndoas e mesocarpo de babaçu, sapucaia, xixá e castanha-do-pará por espectrometria de absorção atômica

This work describes methods for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and As by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry in Brazilian nuts. The samples (~ 0.300 g) were digested to clear solutions in a closed vessel microwave oven. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures for simultaneous determinations of Cd and Pb were 1100 and 2100 °C, respectively, using 0.5% (w v-1) NH4H2PO4 + 0.03% (w v-1) Mg(NO3)2 as chemical modifier. The limits of detection (3Δ) were 3.8 μg kg-1 for As, 0.86 μg kg-1 for Cd and 13 μg kg-1 for Pb. The reliability of the entire procedures was confirmed by peach leaves (No. 1547 - NIST) certified reference material analysis and addition and recovery tests. The found concentrations presented no statistical differences at the 95% confidence level.

Associação entre risco gestacional e tipo de parto com as repercussões maternas e neonatais

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as relações entre risco gestacional, tipo de parto e suas repercussões maternas e neonatais imediatas. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de coorte em base de dados secundários, em maternidade de hospital universitário. Foram considerados 1606 partos no período de nove meses. Características epidemiológicas, clínicas, obstétricas e neonatais foram comparadas em função da via de parto e do risco gestacional, caracterizado conforme os critérios de elegibilidade de alto risco clínico. A ocorrência de complicações maternas e neonatais durante a internação foi analisada em função do risco gestacional e parto cesariano. Para isto, análise logística univariada e multivariada foram empregadas. RESULTADOS: A taxa global de cesarianas foi de 38,3%. O alto risco gestacional esteve presente em 50,2% dos partos, representado principalmente pelos distúrbios hipertensivos e as malformações fetais. A ocorrência total de cesarianas, cesarianas anteparto ou intraparto foi mais frequente em gestantes de elevado risco gestacional (p<0,001]. A cesariana, isoladamente, não influenciou o resultado materno, mas associou-se ao resultado neonatal desfavorável (OR 3,4; IC95% 2,7-4,4). O alto risco gestacional associou-se ao resultado materno e neonatal desfavorável (OR 3,8; IC95% 1,6-8,7 e OR 17,5; IC95% 11,6-26,3, respectivamente) Na análise multivariada, essas relações de risco se mantiveram, embora o efeito do risco gestacional tenha determinado uma redução no OR do tipo de parto isoladamente de 3,4 (IC95% 2,66-4,4) para 1,99 (IC95% 1,5-2,6) para o resultado neonatal desfavorável. CONCLUSÃO: O risco gestacional foi o principal fator associado ao resultado materno e neonatal desfavorável. A cesariana não influenciou diretamente o resultado materno, mas aumentou as chances de um resultado neonatal desfavorável.