Labirintopatia secundária aos distúrbios do metabolismo do açúcar: realidade ou fantasia?

As vestibulopatias atribuídas aos distúrbios do metabolismo do açúcar são ainda hoje um tema controverso na literatura pela falta de demonstração objetiva que relacione causa e efeito. OBJETIVO: Nosso objetivo é relatar os resultados seriados do Teste de Integração Sensorial no acompanhamento dos pacientes portadores de DMA tratados com dieta fracionada e restrição de glicose. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Retrospectivo, inclui um desenho de descrição de casos. MÉTODO: Foram avaliadas as respostas de 21 pacientes portadores de distúrbios do metabolismo do açúcar e tontura submetidos à dieta fracionada com restrição de glicose. A medição objetiva do equilíbrio corporal dos pacientes foi feita pela Posturografia Dinâmica Computadorizada, utilizando-se o protocolo do Teste de Integração Sensorial. RESULTADOS: Após a instituição da dieta, observou-se melhora objetiva significante nas condições que retratam a função vestibular e o equilíbrio corporal dos indivíduos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que o Teste de Integração Sensorial demonstrou ser uma ferramenta útil na documentação da melhora do equilíbrio corporal de pacientes portadores de DMA submetidos à dieta fracionada com restrição de glicose.

Correlação entre tontura e disfunções do metabolismo da glicose

INTRODUÇÃO: as alterações do metabolismo da glicose são caracterizadas por estados de hipoglicemia e hiperglicemia. OBJETIVO: A proposta deste trabalho é verificar a associação entre as alterações do metabolismo da glicose, por glicemia de jejum e teste de tolerância à glicose e à tontura, avaliada por sua queixa e exames clínicos e subsidiários. MÉTODO: O estudo foi efetivado num grupo de 33 pacientes divididos em 3 subgrupos: pacientes com queixa de tontura, pacientes diabéticos e pacientes assintomáticos. RESULTADOS: O grupo de pacientes com queixa espontânea ou questionada de tontura apresentava alterações no metabolismo da glicose em 65% dos casos. Já entre os pacientes dos 3 grupos sem queixa de tontura, 30% apresentavam alterações do metabolismo da glicose. 40% dos pacientes que apresentaram queixas de tonturas tinham o exame vestibular clínico e a vectoeletronistagmografia alterados, enquanto que entre os assintomáticos 7,5% apresentaram as alterações vestibulares referidas. CONCLUSÃO: A tontura é um bom indicador de alteração do metabolismo da glicose e a alteração do metabolismo da glicose é um bom indicador de alteração do exame vestibular. O estudo do metabolismo da glicose a partir dos níveis glicêmicos é eficaz e tem resultados próximos dos observados nos estudos que mensuram os níveis insulinêmicos.

Metabolismo de nitrogênio em dois sistemas de cultivo de café sob veranico da estação úmida

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do veranico ocorrido na estação úmida sobre o metabolismo de nitrogênio em cafeeiros em sistema a pleno sol e associados com abacateiro (Persea americana Mill.) e ingazeiro (Inga edulis Mart.), foi realizado este experimento. O estudo foi conduzido em propriedade situada no município de Barra do Choça, BA, composto por plantas de café (Coffea arabica L.), variedade Catuaí, sendo caracterizados dois campos experimentais (sistema sombreado x sistema a pleno sol). As avaliações foram realizadas em janeiro (período de veranico) e março (final da estação úmida), em cinco repetições por campo experimental. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste t por meio do programa SAEG, versão 9.1. Maior teor de NO3 - foi verificado no sistema a pleno sol, tanto no período de veranico como no final da estação úmida. Em março foi observado maior acúmulo de N-orgânico no terço superior do cafeeiro a pleno sol e no terço médio do cafeeiro sombreado. Maiores teores de nitrogênio total e a tendência de maior atividade enzimática da redutase do nitrato foram verificados nos sistemas arborizados, quando avaliados dentro do mesmo terço do cafeeiro nas duas estações.

Blood lipid associations in 18 year-old men

The association of cigarette smoking, physical activity at work, and social class with total cholesterol and with high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were examined in a random sample of 238 males, of 18 years of age, of Rosario, Argerntina. The mean (mg/dl) total serum cholesterol of the whole sample was 174.7, the high density lipoprotein cholesterol 52.8, and the low density lipoprotein cholesterol 121.5. Black tobacco consumers, evenly distributed by social class, had higher levels of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Total cholesterol was higher in the high social class, differently from what smokers' distribution by social class, would lead one to expect. While a highly negative association was found between social class and physical activity at work, there were no significant diferences in lipoprotein levels between manual and non-manual workers. It is possible that the nutritional differences by social class still prevail over the smoking habit in their influence on the lipoprotein levels in these subjects.

Body mass index for predicting hyperglycemia and serum lipid changes in Brazilian adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To determine the best cut-offs of body mass index for identifying alterations of blood lipids and glucose in adolescents. METHODS: A probabilistic sample including 577 adolescent students aged 12-19 years in 2003 (210 males and 367 females) from state public schools in the city of Niterói, Southeastern Brazil, was studied. The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was used to identify the best age-adjusted BMI cut-off for predicting high levels of serum total cholesterol (>150mg/dL), LDL-C (>100mg/dL), serum triglycerides (>100mg/dL), plasma glucose (>100mg/dL) and low levels of HDL-C (< 45mg/dL). Four references were used to calculate sensitivity and specificity of BMI cut-offs: one Brazilian, one international and two American. RESULTS: The most prevalent metabolic alterations (>50%) were: high total cholesterol and low HDL-C. BMI predicted high levels of triglycerides in males, high LDL-C in females, and high total cholesterol and the occurrence of three or more metabolic alterations in both males and females (areas under the curve range: 0.59 to 0.67), with low sensitivity (57%-66%) and low specificity (58%-66%). The best BMI cut-offs for this sample (20.3 kg/m² to 21.0 kg/m²) were lower than those proposed in the references studied. CONCLUSIONS: Although BMI values lower than the International cut-offs were better predictor of some metabolic abnormalities in Brazilian adolescents, overall BMI is not a good predictor of these abnormalities in this population.

Vitamin A and lipid peroxidation in patients with different forms of leprosy

Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease, is caused by a Mycobacterium leprae infection. After India, Brazil has the second greatest number of cases in the world. Increase of oxidative stress and antioxidant deficiency are present in infected subjects and can be related to infection progression. We studied alterations in serum levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and vitamin A in patients with different forms of leprosy. Four groups of leprosy patients and a control group (healthy subjects) were selected, and their vitamin A serum levels and LPO profile, measured as malonaldehyde (MDA) were measured by spectrophotometric assays. The mean MDA serum levels (µmol/L) were 3.80 ± 0.5 for control group and 10.54 ± 1.1 in the leprosy patients and this increase was gradual, being more accentuated in severe forms of the disease. Also, the vitamin A serum levels (µg/dL) were diminished in the infected subjects (38.51 ± 4.2), mainly in lepromatous form, when compared with the control group (53.8 ± 5.6). These results indicate that LPO can be an important factor in Mycobacterium leprae infection, which can be related to increases in phagocytic activity and the general breakdown of antioxidants, contributing to an increase of LPO during infection progression. The evaluation of oxidant/antioxidant status in these patients can be an important factor in the treatment, control, and/or prognosis of this disease.

Alterations in lipid transfer to High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and activity of paraoxonase-1 in HIV+ patients

HIV+ patients often develop alterations of the plasma lipids that may implicate in development of premature coronary artery disease. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has an important role in preventing atherogenesis and the aim of this study was to investigate aspects of HDL function in HIV+ patients. HIV+ patients (n = 48) and healthy control subjects (n = 45) of both sexes with similar age were studied. Twenty-five were not being treated with antiretroviral agents, 13 were under reverse transcriptase inhibitor nucleosidic and non-nucleosidic (NRTI+NNRTI) and 10 were under NRTI + protease inhibitors (NRTI+PI) treatment. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and the transfer of free and esterified cholesterol, tryglicerides and phospholipids from a lipidic nanoemulsion to HDL were analyzed. In comparison with healthy controls, HIV+ patients presented low PON-1 activity and diminished transfer of free cholesterol and tryglicerides. In contrast, phospholipid transfer was increased in those patients, whereas the transfer of cholesteryl esters was unchanged. NRTI+NNRTI increases the transfer of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides but in NRTI+PI there was no difference in respect to non-treated HIV+ patients. HDL from HIV+ patients has smaller antioxidant properties, as shown by lower PON-1 activity, and the transfer of lipids to this lipoprotein fraction is also altered, suggesting that HDL function is defective in those patients.

Metabolismo do ácido fólico na malária

O estudo de 27 pacientes infectados pelo Plasmodium falciparum comparado com pessoas aparentemente sadias mostra: a) diminuição do folato no soro dos pacientes infectados; b) diminuição do folato sêrico nos primeiros 8 dias que seguiram ao tratamento, interpretados como sendo devido à mobilização pela eritropoiese compensadora; c) folato eritrocítico normal.

Nutritional assessment and lipid profile in HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy

INTRODUCTION: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens that include a protease inhibitor (PI) can show significant improvements in clinical outcomes, nutritional status and quality of life. The study aimed to report nutritional and metabolic alterations for pediatric patients continuously exposed to HAART and for healthy controls for up to 1 year. METHODS: Clinical, anthropometric, lipid profile and food intake data were collected prospectively over approximately 12-months for each patient. RESULTS: Fifty-one individuals were studied, of these, 16 were healthy. After 12 months follow-up, HIV-positive individuals remained below the healthy control group parameters. No change was observed concerning food intake. Triglyceride serum levels were higher in patients using protease inhibitor at the onset of the study [PI groups: 114 (43 - 336), and 136 (63 - 271) versus control group: 54.5 (20 - 162); p = 0.003], but after twelve months follow-up, only the group using protease inhibitor for up to two months presented higher values [140 (73 - 273) versus 67.5 (33 - 117); p = 0.004]. HDL-cholesterol was lower in HIV-positive individuals [HIV-positive groups: 36 (27 - 58) and 36 (23 - 43); control 49.5 (34 - 69); p = 0.004]. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected children and adolescents treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy showed compromised nutritional parameters compared to a paired healthy control group. Individuals using protease inhibitor presented worse triglyceride serum levels compared to their healthy counterparts.

The effects of a diet formulation with oats, soybeans, and flax on lipid profiles and uricemia in patients with AIDS and dyslipidemia

Introduction Although the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is accompanied by an attenuation of viral load, metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and lipodystrophy are often observed in patients under this treatment. Certain foods, such as oat bran, soy protein, and flaxseed, have been shown to improve a patient's lipid profile despite possible increases in uricemia. Thus, a bioactive compound was formulated using these foods to help patients with HIV/AIDS control metabolic disorders resulting from HAART. Methods An uncontrolled before and after study was performed. The total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid before and after 3 months of consuming the formulation were compared in patients. The compound was formulated such that 40g (the recommended daily intake) contained approximately 10g of flaxseed, 20g of oat bran, and 10g of textured soy protein. Results The study population consisted of 139 patients, 31 of whom were included in the final analysis. There were no significant variations between the laboratory results obtained before and after consumption of the compound. Conclusions The regular consumption of the formulation together with individualized dietary guidance did not reduce lipid levels and did not contribute to an increase in uricemia in the study group. However, new studies with higher doses of the foods that compose the formulation should be encouraged to investigate whether these foods can positively influence the lipid profiles of these patients.

Are lipid disorders involved in the predominance of human T-lymphotropic virus-1 infections in women?

Abstract INTRODUCTION : The human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a chronic inflammatory disease. Disturbances in lipid metabolism are involved in inflammatory and demyelinating diseases. METHODS : Plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and fractions of HTLV-1-infected individuals of both sexes with different clinical progressions were determined. RESULTS : Elevated levels of triglyceride and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were exclusively detected in HTLV-1-infected women from asymptomatic and HAM/TSP groups compared with uninfected individuals (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS : Elevated triglyceride and VLDL levels in HTLV-1-infected women may be related to the predominance of HAM/TSP in women.

ESTUDOS ECOFISIOLÓGICOS DE Orchidaceae DA AMAZÔNIA. II - ANATOMIA ECOLÓGICA FOLIAR DE ESPÉCIES COM METABOLISMO CAM DE UMA CAMPINA DA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL

Este trabalho é o segundo de uma série que objetiva correlacionar a anatomia foliar e via de fixação de C02 com a distribuição geográfica de Orchidaceae e especificamente, detectar a existência de suculência nas espécies estudadas e também qualificá-las na classificação anatômica de WITHNER et al.(1974). Enfoca-se características anatômicas que possivelmente se relacionariam com o xeromorfismo habitacional e/ou escleromorfismo nutricional e via fotossintética CAM, e estas estabeleceriam uma sindrome adaptativa para o efetivo controle do fluxo hídrico no limbo foliar, dando para as espécies condições para a colonização de ambientes mais xéricos como os da Campina aberta. Detectou-se a presença de suculência anatômica propícia para a ocorrência do metabolismo CAM, sendo que as folhas foram classificadas como sendo do tipo Coriáceas.

Coronary artery disease, microalbuminuria and lipid profile in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of coronary artery disease, microalbuminuria and the relation to lipid profile disorders, blood pressure and clinical and metabolic features. METHODS: Fifty-five type 2 diabetic patients (32 females, 23 males), aged 59.9±9 years and with known diabetes duration of 11±7.3 years were studied. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was defined as a positive history of myocardial infarction, typical angina, myocardial revascularization or a positive stress testing. Microalbuminuria was defined when two out of three overnight urine samples had a urinary albumin excretion ranging 20 - 200µg/min. RESULTS: CAD was present in 24 patients (43,6%). High blood pressure (HBP) present in 32 patients (58.2%) and was more frequent in CAD group (p=0.05) HBP. Increased the risk of CAD 3.7 times (CI[1.14-12]). Microalbuminuria was present in 25 patients (45.5%) and tended to associate with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.06), presence of hypertension (p = 0.06) and know diabetes duration (p = 0.08). In the stepwise multiple logistic regression the systolic blood pressure was the only variable that influenced UAE (r = 0.39, r² = 0.14, p = 0.01). The h ypertensive patients had higher cholesterol levels (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: In our sample the frequency of microalbuminuria, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and CHD was high. Since diabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the association of others risk factors suggest the need for an intensive therapeutic intervention in primary and in secundary prevention.

Lipid profile of nutrition students and its association with cardiovascular disease risk factors

OBJECTIVE: To describe the lipid profile and to verify its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors in students at a public university in São Paulo. METHODS: After obtaining clinical, anthropomorphic, and lipid profile data from 118 students, variables of the lipid profile were related to other risk factors. RESULTS: The mean age of the students was 20.3 years (SD=1.5). The risk of cardiovascular disease was characterized by a positive family history of ischemic heart disease in 38.9%; sedentariness in 35.6%; limiting and increased total and LDL-C cholesterol levels in 17.7% and 10.2%, respectively; decreased HDL-C levels in 11.1%; increased triglyceride levels in 11.1%; body mass index >25 in 8.5%, and smoking in 6.7% of the subjects. Students' diet was found to be inadequate regarding protein, total fat, saturated fat, sodium, and fiber contents. A statistically significant association between cholesterol and contraceptive use, between HDL-C and contraceptive use, age and percent body fat, and triglycerides and percent lean weight was observed. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of some risk factors of cardiovascular disease as well as the association between these factors with altered lipid profiles was observed in the young population studied.