Epithelial cell signaling responses to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, including the serotype O157:H7 that is most commonly identified with human disease, cause both sporadic cases and outbreaks of non-bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis. In about 10% of infected subjects, the hemolytic uremic syndrome (hemolytic anemic, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure) develops, likely as a consequence of systemic spread of bacterial-derived toxins variously referred to as Shiga-like toxin, Shiga toxin, and Verotoxin. Increasing evidence points to a complex interplay between bacterial products - for example, adhesins and toxins - and host signal transduction pathways in mediating responses to infection. Identification of critical signaling pathways could result in the development of novel strategies for intervention to both prevent and treat this microbial infection in humans.

Neutralising antibodies for Mayaro virus in Pantanal, Brazil

The Pantanal hosts diverse wildlife species and therefore is a hotspot for arbovirus studies in South America. A serosurvey for Mayaro virus (MAYV), eastern (EEEV), western (WEEV) and Venezuelan (VEEV) equine encephalitis viruses was conducted with 237 sheep, 87 free-ranging caimans and 748 equids, including 37 collected from a ranch where a neurologic disorder outbreak had been recently reported. Sera were tested for specific viral antibodies using plaque-reduction neutralisation test. From a total of 748 equids, of which 264 were immunised with vaccine composed of EEEV and WEEV and 484 had no history of immunisation, 10 (1.3%) were seropositive for MAYV and two (0.3%) for VEEV using criteria of a ≥ 4-fold antibody titre difference. Among the 484 equids without history of immunisation, 48 (9.9%) were seropositive for EEEV and four (0.8%) for WEEV using the same criteria. Among the sheep, five were sero- positive for equine encephalitis alphaviruses, with one (0.4%) for EEEV, one (0.4%) for WEEV and three (1.3%) for VEEV. Regarding free-ranging caimans, one (1.1%) and three (3.4%), respectively, had low titres for neutralising antibodies to VEEV and undetermined alphaviruses. The neurological disorder outbreak could not be linked to the alphaviruses tested. Our findings represent strong evidence that MAYV and all equine encephalitis alphaviruses circulated in the Pantanal.

Volatilização de amônia em solos alagados influenciada pela forma de aplicação de ureia

A volatilização de amônia (NH3) e a nitrificação seguida pela desnitrificação são os principais mecanismos de perdas de N nos solos alagados destinados ao cultivo do arroz. Se os fertilizantes nitrogenados não forem manejados adequadamente, os índices de recuperação de N pelas plantas serão muito baixos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a volatilização de amônia em solos alagados influenciada pela forma de aplicação de ureia, em casa de vegetação. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo um em Cambissolo (Thermic Vertic Haplaquepts), no Estado do Mississippi, EUA, e outro em Gleissolo (Entisol Aeric Typic), em Santa Catarina, Brasil. A captação de amônia foi realizada por esponjas acidificadas, colocadas dentro de tubos de PVC (15 cm de diâmetro e 60 cm de altura) encravados dentro de baldes com 15 cm de espessura de solo, sem a presença de plantas. Em cada vaso, foram aplicados 353 mg de N, equivalente a 200 kg ha-1 de N, nas seguintes formas: ureia sólida aplicada sobre a superfície do solo úmido, sem alagamento posterior; ureia solubilizada em água deionizada e aplicada sobre a lâmina de água de alagamento; ureia sólida aplicada sobre a lâmina de água de alagamento; ureia incorporada na lama, seguida de alagamento; ureia aplicada sobre solo seco, seguida de alagamento 48 h depois; e uma testemunha alagada (sem N). As esponjas captadoras de amônia foram trocadas ao serem completados 1, 3, 6, 9, 13, 17 e 22 dias de alagamento, e nelas determinou-se a quantidade de amônia volatilizada. Na água de alagamento do solo, determinaram-se o pH e a concentração de amônio. A emissão de amônia variou com a forma de aplicação da ureia, e o comportamento foi similar nos dois solos. A volatilização de amônia na testemunha foi insignificante. Nos tratamentos com ureia, as menores perdas ocorreram quando ela foi incorporada na lama (com posterior alagamento) seguida pela aplicação em solo seco com alagamento 48 h após, tendo atingido, respectivamente, 4 e 15 % do N aplicado no Cambissolo (CXbe) e 6 e 10 % no Gleissolo (GXbd). As maiores perdas ocorreram quando a ureia foi aplicada na lâmina de água, tanto na forma líquida (34 % no CXbe e 38 % no GXbd) quanto na sólida (29 % no CXbe e 37 % no GXbd), seguida pela ureia aplicada em solo úmido, sem alagamento (26 % no CXbe e 22 % no GXbd). A fim de evitar excessiva volatilização de amônia em solos cultivados com arroz no sistema inundado, a ureia deve ser aplicada na lama ou em condições de solo seco e, em ambos os casos, seguida de alagamento imediato.

Atividade antioxidante de óleos essenciais de espécies de Croton do nordeste do Brasil

Three Croton species, C. zenhtneri, C. nepetaefolius and C. argyrophylloides, were collected at two different times, 6:00 and 13:00 h, their essential oils were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry. The percentage yield of oil constituents changes along the day. The oils were submitted to the antioxidant test thiobarbituric acid reactive species, using BHT and a-tocoferol as the reference compounds. All oils exhibited good antioxidant activities. In general, C. zenhtneri and C. argyrophylloides essential oils showed higher antioxidant activity than C. nepetaefolius.

Arylation of β,γ-unsaturated lactones by a Heck-Matsuda reaction: an unexpected route to aryldiazene butenolides and pyridazinones

The palladium catalysed coupling of aryldiazonium salts with β-γ-unsaturated lactones under basic conditions has been investigated. Both (3H)-furanone and α-angelicalactone were evaluated as substrates in the Heck Matsuda reaction but both failed to afford the desired arylated butenolides. Under basic conditions, β-γ-unsaturated lactones generate highly nucleophilic enolates that preferentially undergo azo coupling reactions with arenediazonium salts to afford aryldiazene butenolides. The electronic and steric effect of the substituents on the aryldiazonium salt in the azo coupling reaction is described. Aryldiazene-lactone derivatives were obtained in good yields from a highly facile and straightforward procedure. An aminoisomaleimide was formed from (3H)-furanone and cyclised to the corresponding pyridazinones in modest yield.