Natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs of endemic areas of the Argentine Republic

The population dynamics and the prevalence of chagasic infection of 352 dogs living in 108 rural houses infested by triatomines were studied. The region was divided into three sections according to increasing distances to an urban area. Each animal was identified by means of its particular characteristics and built, and its owners gave information about its habits. By means of xenodiagnosis, serology and ECG studies, prevalences of infection, parasitological-serological correlation, percentage of altered electrocardiographic outlines and percentage of houses with parasitemic dogs, were determined. The rural area showed a characteristic T. cruzi infection pattern and differences in the canine population parameters with respect to the other areas were observed: a higher proportion of puppies than adult dogs, a more sedentary population, higher prevalences of infection, as measured by xenodiagnosis, in dogs, and the highest proportion of bedroom insects infected with T. cruzi. It is assumed that the sedentary characteristics of the human population in that rural area impinge in the blood offer to the triatomine population, and the high percentage of parasitemic dogs of the area, contribute to the rise of "kissing ougs" infected with T. cruzi found in bedrooms.

Embryology of Triatoma infestans (KLUG), (Hemiptera, Reduviidae), a Chagas' disease vector

This study reports the embryogenesis of T. infestans (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Morphological parameters of growth sequences from oviposition until hatching (12-14 d 28ºC) were established. Five periods, as percent of time of development (TD), were characterized from oviposition until hatching. The most important morphological features were: 1) formation of blastoderm within 7% of TD; 2) germ band and gastrulation within 30% of TD; 3) nerve cord, limb budding, thoracic and abdominal segmentation and formation of body cavity within 50% of TD; 4) nervous system and blastokinesis end, and development of embryonic cuticle within 65% of TD; 5) differentiation of the mouth parts, fat body, and Malphigian tubules during final stage and completion of embryo at day 12 to day 14 around hatching. These signals were chosen as appropriate morphological parameters which should enable the evaluation of embryologic modifications due to the action/s of different insecticides

Frequency of dermatophytes in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

In order to evaluate the distribution of dermatophytes in Porto Alegre, the capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, they were isolated from the skin, hairs and nails samples and retrospectively analyzed from June 1981 to June 1995, in two different institutions in the city of Porto Alegre: (i) the Serviço de Micologia do Instituto de Pesquisas Biológicas Jandyr Maya Faillace, da Secretaria de Saúde e Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Sul which attends the low income population (low and middle classes) and, (ii) Laboratório Weinmann, a clinical pathology laboratory which attends predominantly the higher income population (middle and upper classes), both which attend in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre. The dermatophyte predominance of Trichophyton rubrum was confirmed (55.33%) followed by T. mentagrophytes (21.46%). The data obtained were compared with the existing prevalence data which were collected in the interior of the state over a period of 32 years (1960-1992). T. verrucosum, T. simii, Microsporum persicolor, T. schöenleinii, M. nanum and M. cookei were isolated in the interior and have not been found in the capital so far. On the other side, T. violaceum was, isolated in the capital and has not been found in the interior so far.

Airborne fungi in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Knowledge of anemophilous fungi in a given city or region is important for the ecological diagnosis and specific treatment of allergic manifestations induced by inhaled allergens. In order to diagnose the presence of anemophilous fungi, several qualitative and quantitative techniques are used depending on the study place. This study of fungal air spores was performed with a Rotorod Sampler®, an equipment which samples the air through a plastic rod attached to an electric engine that makes it spin fast enough to collect the particles in the air. The samples were collected once a week during 24 hours using the standard cycle of the manufacturers. A total of 52 samples were obtained from April 2000 through March 2001. The results revealed prevalence of ascosporos (50.49%), Cladosporium (17.86%), Aspergillus/Penicillium (15.03%), basidiosporos (3.84%), rusts (3.82%), and Helminthosporium (2.49%), and a lesser frequency of Botrytis (1.22%), Alternaria (1.19%), smuts (0.90%), Curvularia (0.87%), Nigrospora (0.61%), and Fusarium (0.08%). Also, 1.59% of the spores detected here could not be identified by the systematic key used. More fungal spores were observed during the summer than during the autumn.

Tratamento da himenolepíase pelo Thelmesan

Os autores descrevem, os resultados com o emprego de um nôvo medicamento, o THELMESAN, na himenolepíase. Entre 48 casos estudados, 82% tiveram erradicação do parasitismo; a tolerância foi boa, enquanto outras parasitoses associadas não foram influenciadas pelo produto.

Ensaios terapêuticos com um nôvo antibiótico - laurilsulfato de tetraciclina (lauraciclina)

Os autores apresentam a sua experiência com um nôvo antibiótico de ação prolongada quando injetável - o Laurilsulfato de Tetraciclina. O medicamento foi usado em 30 pacientes; 16 com diversas entidades infecciosas nos quais a droga foi usada por via intramuscular em 15 dêles, e 14 outros portadores de germes patogênicos (Streptococcus beta haemolyticus) do orofaringe, em que o medicamento foi usado por via oral na tentativa de erradicação desses germes. A medicação injetável foi usada em doses variáveis de 5 a 15mg/kg/dia, em uma ou duas aplicações diárias durante 4 a 14 dias de acôrdo com a gravidade e tipo da infecção. Os portadores de germes no orofaringe (crianças de 6 a 11 anos) foram tratados com o medicamento, por via oral, na dose aproximada de 10 mg/kg/dia durante 10 dias. O medicamento foi bem tolerado, referindo-se apenas dor no local da injeção e um caso de manifestação cutânea (rash) relacionados com o emprêgo da droga. Baseados nestes estudos, os autores concluem que a Lauraciclina apresenta-se com o mesmo espectro de ação das demais tetraciclinas, com a possibilidade de aplicação a intervalos maiores devido à sua ação prolongada.

Experiências terapêuticas com um derivado da rifamicina: a rifampicina

Os autores apresentam os resultados obtidos com a rifampicina no tratamento de 31 casos de infecções bacterianas diversas. Foram tratadas 15 crianças, cujas idades variaram de 4 a 11 anos, senão 6 do sexo feminino e 9 do sexo masculino, e 16 adultos, 7 do sexo masculino e 9 do sexo feminino. Em 25 casos foi possível isolar o agente bacteriano possivelmente responsável pelo quadro clínico. As doses empregadas para crianças foram de 20 mg/kg ao dia, distribuídos em 2 doses com intervalos de 12 horas; os adultos receberam 450 a 900 mg a intervalos de 12 horas. Os pacientes foram tratados por períodos que variaram de 4 a 15 dias de acôrdo com a gravidade da infecção e a resposta terapêutica. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos, antes, durante e avós o tratamento, a exame clínico completo, hemogramas, provas de função hepática, dosagem de transaminases, exames de urina (elementos anormais e sedímentoscopia), dosagem de uréia, glicose e colesterol sanguíneos e a outros exames visando ao diagnóstico etiológico e evolução de cada caso em particular. Os resultados obtidos com rifampicina no tratamento de 31 casos foram considerados excelentes em 24, muito bons em 5 e bons em 2, em nenhum dos casos tratados se observando intolerância à droga. A rifampicina pode, sem dúvida, na opinião dos autores, ser considerada um antibiótico altamente eficaz para o tratamento de infecções bacterianas por gram-positivos e gram-negatívos.

Experiências com o Antihelmíntico BB-04 no tratamento de helmintoses intestinais

Os autores apresentam os resultados da associação piperazina-tiabendazol-dimetilpolisiloxane no tratamento de infecções por helmintos intestinais. Os resultados vieram confirmar a apreciável eficácia da piperazina e do tiabendazol para o tratamento da ascaridíase e da ancilostomíase nas doses utilizadas. Houve cura de 50% dos 82 casos de ancilostomíase, de 41% dos 72 de ascaridiase e de 26% dos 76 portadores de infecção pelo Trichuris trichiura. Observou-se regressão da sintomatologia na maioria dos casos após instituída a terapêutica, especialmente dor abdominal, diarréia e obstipação. A tolerância ao medicamento foi considerada boa.

Tratamento de parasitoses intestinais pela associação piperazina-tiabendazol

Os autores apresentam os resultados obtidos com o emprego da associação antihelmintica piperazina-tiabendazol no tratamento de infecção por Ascaris lumbricoides e ancilostomídeos. Considerando a cura de 81 % dos casos de ascaridíase e de 80% dos casos de ancilostomíase, bem como a ótima tolerância ao medicamento, acreditam que esta associação medicamentosa possa ser empregada com sucesso para o tratamento das referidas parasitoses.

Estudo comparativo da eficácia terapêutica do albendazole e do mebendazole no tratamento da ascaridfase, necatoriase e tricocefaliase

Estuda-se a atividade anti-helmíntica de um novo medicamento, o Albendazole, nas nematodíases causadas por Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanos e Trichuris trichiura, comparativamente com Mebendazole. Foram tratados 89 pacientes, sendo 48 pelo Albendazole e 41 pelo Mebendazole. Empregou-se o Aivendazole, por via orall, em dose única, de 400 mg, e o Mebendazole em duas tomadi diárias de 100 mg, durante três dias consecutivos, independentemente do peso e da idade dos pacientes. A tolerância a ambos medicamentos foi excelente, sendo nulas as reações colaterais. A análise estatística dos resuiados obtidos não revelou diferença na eficácia terapêutica dos dois medicamentos. Nos casos nâo curados, do ponto de vista parasitológico, a redução do número de ovos foi significativa com ambos os medicamentos utilizados. A inegável vantagem apresentada pelo Albendazole é a possibilidade de sua administração em dose única.

The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in the golden hamster model

New therapeutic alternatives against leishmaniasis remain a priority. The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Leishmania) major has been previously demonstrated. Different responses among species of Leishmania make species-specific drug screening necessary. The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis was evaluated in golden hamsters infected through footpad injections of metacyclic promastigotes, and compared with untreated controls and animals treated with meglumine antimoniate. Footpad thickness, lesion cultures and dissemination sites were analyzed. Treatment of golden hamsters with oral azithromycin at 450mg/kg had no activity against infections with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. For infections due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, azithromycin demonstrated significant activity relative to untreated controls, but inferior to meglumine antimoniate, for controlling lesion size. Neither drug was able to totally eliminate parasites from the lesions. It was concluded that azithromycin has activity against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis but not against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in this model.

Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus antibodies in blood donors in southern, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a matter of concern for blood bank professionals and blood transfusion recipients, especially in cases of transfusions to neonates and immunocompromised patients. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of CMV IgG and IgM antibodies among blood donors in the city of Lages, in the mountain region of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, and to investigate possible associations between the socioeconomic characteristics of donors and CMV serological status. METHODS: A seroepidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,045 blood samples from donors that were used in serological screening over a one-year investigation. All the analyses were conducted using the microparticle enzyme immunoassay with Biokit® reagents (Barcelona, Spain), in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. RESULTS: Anti-CMV IgG seroprevalence in the sample studied was 96.4% (95% CI: 95.23 - 97.50) and that of anti-CMV IgM was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.39 - 3.20). There were no statistically significant associations between the presence of antibodies and the socioeconomic characteristics of donors. CONCLUSIONS: The blood donors in the study region had high seroprevalence of anti-CMV IgG. Thus, blood component screening strategies and careful indication for blood transfusions require special attention among healthcare professionals as part of the actions for prevention and reduction of primary infections caused by CMV.

Mortality attributed to myocardial infarction in the male and female population of Salvador, BA, between 1981 and 1996

OBJECTIVE: To describe according to gender the trend in mortality attributed to myocardial infarction (MI) in the population of Salvador, Bahia between 1981 and 1996. METHODS: This study was on mortality due to MI estimates by period and gender of the city of Salvador, Bahia. Data from 1981 to 1996 were stratified by quadrienia, and the percentage reduction in death rate due to MI relative to the preceding period (PRR) was determined. Comparisons between genders were expressed by the male/female death ratio (DR) based on the gender-related PPR. RESULTS: An overall increase of approximately 8% was observed in the death rate attributed to MI for the period 1985-1988 (89.2/10 5 individuals / year) versus the period 1981-1984 (82.1/10(5)/ year). In the subsequent periods, overall reductions of 10% and 20.3% were observed for the periods 1989-1992 and 1993-1996, respectively. For men, the PPRs were 11.1 in the period 1989-1992 and 22.7% in the period 1993-1996. The PPRs in women were lower: 8.6% and 17.4% between 1989 and 1992, and 1993 and 1996, respectively. Death rate reduction was greater for men than women, then the male/female DR decreased from 1.66 in 1981-1984 to 1.35 in 1993-1996. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a trend towards a reduction in the death rate attributed to myocardial infarction in the city of Salvador from the second half of the 1980s onwards, striking in men.

Prevalência de excesso de peso e hipertensão arterial, em população urbana de baixa renda

OBJETIVO: Estudar a relação entre massa corporal e pressão arterial em população urbana de baixa renda. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal desenvolvido em amostra representativa de uma comunidade urbana de baixa renda, no período de julho a dezembro/1998. De um total de 224 quadras, 67(30%) quadras foram selecionadas com indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade > 30 anos. A pressão arterial, o peso e a altura foram medidos, e através de questionário, obtidas informações sobre sexo, idade, renda familiar, escolaridade e ocupação. Foi calculado o índice de massa corporal (IMC), dividindo-se o peso (quilograma) pela altura (metro) elevada ao quadrado e considerado normal IMC<25; como sobrepeso 25 30. Adicionalmente, excesso de peso foi definido como IMC> 25, hipertensão arterial foi definida como uma pressão sistólica > 140 mm Hg e diastólica > 90 mm Hg. RESULTADOS: Em 1078 domicílios, residiam 1.137 indivíduos elegíveis, e foram obtidas informações completas de 1.032 (91%) pessoas. A prevalência de hipertensão arterial e de excesso de peso foi 22,58% e 51,26% respectivamente. Antes de ajustar, o OR de hipertensão arterial foi 1,85 (IC 95%: 1,52-2,25) para os indivíduos com sobrepeso e 3,7 (IC 95%: 3,04-4,50) para os indivíduos obesos e, depois, respectivamente, 2,04 (IC 95%: 1,65-2,54) e 4,08 (IC 95%:3,30-5,08) CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma forte associação entre massa corporal e pressão arterial, que é independente do sexo, idade, renda familiar, escolaridade e ocupação.

Ciclo de vida pós-marsupial e crescimento de Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica (Crustacea, Mysidacea, Mysidae) em cultivo de laboratório

Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica (Bacescu, 1968) was reared in the laboratory for 45 days at 20±1°C and salinity of 30ppt. Growth curves (von Bertalanffy model) were calculated for both sexes and for each sex. The daily rate of carapace growth was significantly different between females and males (F test, p <0.05). Before the sexual maturity (14 days), the growth rate of females was higher than that of males (females, 0.0457 mm day-1; males, 0.0448 mm day-1). After the maturity (15 to 45 days), these rates decreased similarly for both sexes (females, 0.0203 mm day-1; males, 0.0174mm day-1). The average growth rate was 0.0207mm day-1 over the 45 days. Twelve molts were observed in a period of 60 days. The first five molts occurred up to 14 days old (age of the sexual differentiation), with a mean intermolt period of 2.9 days. From the 6th molt it increased to 5.6 days. The results suggest that the use of the carapace length is a good measure to calculate the growth and longevity of the organisms.