Alimentación del recién nacido en el periodo de posparto inmediato

OBJETIVO: Describir la modalidad de alimentación de los recién nacidos en instituciones públicas y privadas; y estudiar su relación con prácticas sanitarias de atención del parto y el puerperio y con caraterísticas sociodemográficas. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 347 binomios madre - hijo representativos de los nacimientos en maternidades públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Las madres fueron entrevistadas entre las 24 y 48h posteriores al parto. Mediante análisis de regresión logística se estudió la asociación de las prácticas sanitarias con la modalidad de alimentación en la institución, controlando el efecto de factores sociodemográficos y perinatales, en instituciones públicas y privadas. Se realizó análisis de regresión logistica expressada en "odds ratio", con intervalo de confianza de un 95%. RESULTADOS: Recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva el 60,4% de los nacidos en instituciones públicas y el 2,9% de los nacidos en instituciones privadas. El riesgo de no tener lactancia materna completa en las instituciones públicas durante el postparto inmediato fue significativamente mayor cuando los niños recibieron un primer alimento diferente de leche materna [odds ratio (OR):149; Intervalo de confianza (IC) 95%: 16,7-1332)], el primer contacto se retrasó más de 45 minutos (OR:4,43; IC 95%: 1,02-19,20) y la intención de la madre fue amamantar menos de 6 meses (OR:5,80; IC95%: 1,32-25,52); y, en las privadas, cuando los niños recibieron un primer alimento diferente de leche materna (OR:9,88; IC 95%: 1,07-91,15). CONCLUSIONES: La atención del parto y el puerperio no es acorde a las recomendaciones actuales e influye en la modalidad de alimentación del recién nacido independientemente de otros factores estudiados.

Spatial analysis of the tuberculosis treatment dropout, Buenos Aires, Argentina

OBJECTIVE Identify spatial distribution patterns of the proportion of nonadherence to tuberculosis treatment and its associated factors.METHODS We conducted an ecological study based on secondary and primary data from municipalities of the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exploratory analysis of the characteristics of the area and the distributions of the cases included in the sample (proportion of nonadherence) was also carried out along with a multifactor analysis by linear regression. The variables related to the characteristics of the population, residences and families were analyzed.RESULTS Areas with higher proportion of the population without social security benefits (p = 0.007) and of households with unsatisfied basic needs had a higher risk of nonadherence (p = 0.032). In addition, the proportion of nonadherence was higher in areas with the highest proportion of households with no public transportation within 300 meters (p = 0.070).CONCLUSIONS We found a risk area for the nonadherence to treatment characterized by a population living in poverty, with precarious jobs and difficult access to public transportation.

Environmental characteristics of the cemeteries of Buenos Aires City (Argentina) and infestation levels of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cemeteries with many water-filled containers, flowers, sources of human blood, and shade are favorable urban habitats for the proliferation of Aedes aegypti, a vector of yellow fever and dengue. A total of 22,956 containers was examined in the five cemeteries of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The vector was found in four cemeteries that showed an average infestation level of 5.5% (617 positive out of 11,196 water-filled containers). The four cemeteries positive for Ae. aegypti showed significantly different (p<0.01) infestation levels. Vegetation cover and percentage of infestation were significantly correlated (p<0.01), but neither cemetery area nor number of available containers were significantly related to the proportion of positive vases. Our results suggest that the cemeteries of Buenos Aires represent a gradient of habitat favorableness for this vector species, some of which may act as foci for its proliferation and dispersal.

The fumigant and repellent activity of aliphatic lactones against Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)

New alternative insecticides are necessary for the chemical control of head lice. In this study the fumigant knockdown time 50% (KT50) and repellency index (RI) of three aliphatic lactones was compared with two essential oils and DDVP, against permethrin-resistance Pediculus humanus capitis from Argentina. In the fumigant assay, none of the lactones were effective compared to the highest activity of eucalyptus (KT50 15.53 m). In the repellency test, the three lactones were equally or more effective (RI ranging from 60.50 to 76.68) than the positive control (piperonal). These lactones are promising as head lice repellents.

Yellow fever impact on brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in Argentina: a metamodelling approach based on population viability analysis and epidemiological dynamics

In South America, yellow fever (YF) is an established infectious disease that has been identified outside of its traditional endemic areas, affecting human and nonhuman primate (NHP) populations. In the epidemics that occurred in Argentina between 2007-2009, several outbreaks affecting humans and howler monkeys (Alouatta spp) were reported, highlighting the importance of this disease in the context of conservation medicine and public health policies. Considering the lack of information about YF dynamics in New World NHP, our main goal was to apply modelling tools to better understand YF transmission dynamics among endangered brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) populations in northeastern Argentina. Two complementary modelling tools were used to evaluate brown howler population dynamics in the presence of the disease: Vortex, a stochastic demographic simulation model, and Outbreak, a stochastic disease epidemiology simulation. The baseline model of YF disease epidemiology predicted a very high probability of population decline over the next 100 years. We believe the modelling approach discussed here is a reasonable description of the disease and its effects on the howler monkey population and can be useful to support evidence-based decision-making to guide actions at a regional level.

Effect of soil interacting herbicides on soybean nodulation in Balcarce, Argentina

Two trials were performed in Balcarce, Argentina (37° 45' LS; 58° 18' LW) during 1993-94, to assess the effect of eight herbicides applied individually or in tank mixtures, on nodule number, nodule dry weight, seed yield and N percent in seed in soybean Asgrow 3205, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB 1809. Individual herbicides and doses in kg ha-1 of a.i. were metribuzin (0.48), acetochlor (0.90), metolachlor (1), flumioxazin (0.075), trifluralin (0.96), imazaquin (0.20), imazethapyr (0.10) and chlorimuron ethyl (0.0125). The mixtures were metribuzin+acetochlor (0.48+0.9), flumioxazin+acetochlor (0.075+0.9), imazaquin+acetochlor (0.2+0.9), metribuzin+metolachlor (0.48+1.92), and flumioxazin+ metolachlor (0.075+1.92). A control treatment without herbicides was included. Both trials were laid out as randomized complete blocks with four replicates, on a loam illitic thermic petrocalcic Paleudoll, 5.7% organic matter (OM), 25% clay, 30.4 cmol kg-1 CEC. Nodules were sampled at V2 (second node), V6 (sixth node) and R5 (beginning seed) growth stages. Herbicides did not significantly affect the beginning of nodulation or nodule number and mass at R5, not either grain yield or N accumulation. This indicates lack of interference between soil interacting herbicides and N fixation in the high organic matter, loam soils of SE Buenos Aires province, even though a tendency in less number and dry weight of nodules was evident at the two latter growth stages.

Épocas de plantio da lentilha precoce em quatro regiões de Minas Gerais

Foram conduzidos cinco ensaios, todos irrigados, em quatro regiões de Minas Gerais: Viçosa, Leopoldina (Zona da Mata), Patos de Minas (Alto Paranaíba), Uberaba (Triângulo) e Janaúba (Norte), com o objetivo de determinar a melhor época de plantio da lentilha precoce. Em Viçosa, foram estudadas seis datas de plantio, de 15/3 a 30/5; em Leopoldina, quatro, de 7/4 a 10/6; em Uberaba e Patos de Minas, seis, de 17/2 a 2/6; e em Janaúba, cinco, de 16/5 a 3/8. O intervalo entre datas de plantio foi de, aproximadamente, 20 dias. No ensaio de Viçosa, foi utilizada a cultivar Precoz, plantada no espaçamento entre fileiras de 40 cm, com 30 sementes/m; nos outros ensaios, a Silvina, no espaçamento entre fileiras de 30 cm, com 50 sementes/m. Em geral, os maiores rendimentos foram alcançados quando o plantio foi feito em maio, principalmente na segunda quinzena. Em Viçosa, a lentilha também teve bom desempenho quando plantada na segunda quinzena de março. Em Leopoldina e Janaúba, os dois locais de temperaturas mais altas, o plantio no início de junho não prejudicou o rendimento, se comparado com o da segunda quinzena de maio. Nas épocas de plantio em que foram obtidos os maiores rendimentos, a lentilha precoce, após a emergência, levou entre 28 e 60 dias para iniciar o florescimento; e da emergência até a colheita, entre 92 e 112 dias. O maior rendimento médio foi alcançado em Leopoldina, quando o plantio foi realizado em 27/5: 1.644 kg/ha. O peso de 100 sementes da 'Silvina'variou de 5,5 a 6,3 gramas, quando o plantio foi feito em maio.

Acumulación, removilización, absorción postantesis y eficiencia de utilización de nitrógeno en trigo bajo diferentes labranzas y fertilizaciones

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la acumulación, removilización, absorción postantesis y la eficiencia en la utilización de N bajo dos sistemas de labranza (reja y cincel) y diferentes tipos de fertilización, en los cultivares de trigo pan Buck Pronto y Buck Charrúa. Los tratamientos de fertilización fueron: testigo sin el agregado de N, aplicación de 90 kg ha-1 de N como urea a la siembra, aplicación de 90 kg ha-1 de N como nitrato de amonio calcáreo a la siembra y aplicación de N como urea y como nitrato de amonio calcáreo en dosis de 45 kg ha-1 a la siembra más 45 kg ha-1 a fin de macollaje, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias en el N acumulado entre sistemas de labranzas; con cincel se acumuló 18 kg ha-¹ más que bajo reja, pero esto no se tradujo en el porcentaje de N contribuido al grano por removilización ni por absorción postantesis. La fertilización aumentó el N acumulado en un promedio de 50 kg ha-1. A su vez provocó un aumento en la contribución al grano del N removilizado, pero no mejoró el aporte del N absorbido postantesis, ni aún en la aplicación en dos momentos. Los cultivares presentaron diferencias en el N acumulado y en el porcentaje aportado al grano por removilización y absorción postantesis. La eficiencia de utilización del N dependió de la labranza y de la fertilización.

Development and evaluation of neural network models to estimate daily solar radiation at Córdoba, Argentina

The objective of this work was to develop neural network models of backpropagation type to estimate solar radiation based on extraterrestrial radiation data, daily temperature range, precipitation, cloudiness and relative sunshine duration. Data from Córdoba, Argentina, were used for development and validation. The behaviour and adjustment between values observed and estimates obtained by neural networks for different combinations of input were assessed. These estimations showed root mean square error between 3.15 and 3.88 MJ m-2 d-1 . The latter corresponds to the model that calculates radiation using only precipitation and daily temperature range. In all models, results show good adjustment to seasonal solar radiation. These results allow inferring the adequate performance and pertinence of this methodology to estimate complex phenomena, such as solar radiation.

Elimination of dyes from aqueous solutions using iron oxides and chitosan as adsorbents: a comparative study

This work investigates the adsorption of Alizarin, Eriochrome Blue Black R and Fluorescein using chitosan, goethite and magnetite as adsorbents. For Alizarin, the best adsorbent is chitosan with a Langmuir parameter of 15.8 mmol dye/g adsorbent. For Eriochrome Blue Black R only 1.94 mmol dye/g chitosan is adsorbed. Langmuir parameters for the Alizarin adsorption on both iron oxides display one or two orders of magnitude lower than for chitosan and two orders of magnitude lower in the case of Eriochrome Blue Black R. Fluorescein does not adsorb in appreciable amounts on chitosan and it presents the lower affinity on the iron oxides.

TUNGSTOPHOSPHORIC ACID HETEROGENIZED ONTO NH4ZSM5 AS AN EFFICIENT AND RECYCLABLE CATALYST FOR THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF DYES

Materials based on tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) immobilized on NH4ZSM5 zeolite were prepared by wet impregnation of the zeolite matrix with TPA aqueous solutions. Their concentration was varied in order to obtain TPA contents of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% w/w in the solid. The materials were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRD, FT-IR, 31P MAS-NMR, TGA-DSC, DRS-UV-Vis, and the acidic behavior was studied by potentiometric titration with n-butylamine. The BET surface area (SBET) decreased when the TPA content was raised as a result of zeolite pore blocking. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the solids modified with TPA only presented the characteristic peaks of NH4ZSM5 zeolites, and an additional set of peaks assigned to the presence of (NH4)3PW12O40. According to the Fourier transform infrared and 31P magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, the main species present in the samples was the [PW12O40]3- anion, which was partially transformed into the [P2W21O71]6- anion during the synthesis and drying steps. The thermal stability of the NH4ZSM5TPA materials was similar to that of their parent zeolites. Moreover, the samples with the highest TPA content exhibited band gap energy values similar to those reported for TiO2. The immobilization of TPA on NH4ZSM5 zeolite allowed the obtention of catalysts with high photocatalytic activity in the degradation of methyl orange dye (MO) in water, at 25 ºC. These can be reused at least three times without any significant decrease in degree of degradation.

Prevalência e caracterização de espécies de lactobacilos vaginais em mulheres em idade reprodutiva sem vulvovaginites

OBJETIVO: identificar espécies de lactobacilos isolados do conteúdo vaginal de mulheres saudáveis e assintomáticas; determinar as espécies mais prevalentes e caracterizá-las fenotipicamente. MÉTODOS: lactobacilos foram isolados em meio seletivo a partir de amostras de conteúdo vaginal de 135 mulheres, sem queixa de corrimento e com diagnóstico laboratorial negativo para infecções vaginais, acompanhadas em um ambulatório de Planejamento Familiar. Os isolados foram identificados por PCR multiplex e, quando necessário, submetidos ao sequenciamento do gene RNAr 16S. Foram também avaliados quanto à acidificação do meio de cultura, à produção de ácido láctico, de H2O2, bacteriocinas e a capacidade de adesão às células epiteliais. RESULTADOS: oitenta e três cepas de lactobacilos foram isoladas e identificadas, sendo as espécies predominantes L. crispatus (30,1%), L. jensenii (26,5%), L. gasseri (22,9%) e L. vaginalis (8,4%). Apenas 20 destes isolados não produziram H2O2 em quantidades detectáveis. Das 37 linhagens selecionadas para teste de adesão a células epiteliais, 12 apresentaram adesão entre 50 a 69%, 10 apresentaram 70% ou mais, e as restantes pouca ou nenhuma adesão. Nenhum dos isolados produziu bacteriocinas. CONCLUSÕES: as espécies de lactobacilos mais prevalentes em mulheres sem vulvovaginites, isoladas em meio de cultura seletivo e identificadas por métodos moleculares, foram L. crispatus, L. jensenii e L. gasseri. Além de mais frequentes, tais linhagens também apresentaram melhor produção de H2O2 e atingiram menores valores de pH em meio de cultura.

Cinética de la transferencia de masa durante la deshidratación osmótica de yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius)

El yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) es un tubérculo andino de vida útil muy corta bajo condiciones ambientales. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar: 1) la cinética de deshidratación osmótica de yacón, utilizando sacarosa como soluto; 2) el ajuste de la ecuación de Peleg a los datos experimentales; y 3) el coeficiente de difusión usando la ecuación de Hawkes y Flink. La fruta se peló y cortó en placas de 3 x 3 x 0,3 cm. Se la deshidrató osmóticamente con solución de sacarosa al 40% (p/p), hasta aw = 0,97. El proceso se realizó a temperatura de 25 °C y con agitación continua (105 rpm). Se determinó la pérdida de peso de las muestras, la ganancia de sólidos y la retención de agua. Los parámetros obtenidos para el ajuste de pérdida de agua y ganancia de sólidos son respectivamente: k1: 8,2 0,1 y k2: 0,53 ± 0,06; k1: 234 ± 8 y k2: 2,6 ± 0,5. La mayor transferencia de masa, tanto de agua como de soluto, ocurre durante los primeros 60 a 90 minutos de proceso, lográndose una ganancia media de sólidos de 9,5 [g.100 g-1 MF] y una pérdida de agua de 68,8 [g.100 g-1MF]. Se puede asegurar que es posible aplicar satisfactoriamente el proceso de deshidratación osmótica en yacón como pre tratamiento de conservación.

Efecto de gelificantes en la formulación de dulce de yacón

El yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) es un tubérculo andino cultivado en las laderas de los Andes. Es una planta perenne que llega a su madurez entre 6-7 meses hasta 1 año, según la altura sobre el nivel del mar. Este trabajo propone la formulación de un producto alimenticio a partir de yacón por agregado de solutos: glucosa y sacarosa y combinación de barreras de estrés. Se estudió el efecto de gelificantes: agar-agar, pectina y goma arábiga, en tres concentraciones: 0,30, 0,41 y 0,48%. Se agregó benzoato de sodio, metabisulfito de sodio y ácido cítrico. Se desarrolló un dulce tipo pan. Se registró la evolución de temperatura durante la cocción. Se empacó y envasó el dulce en bandejas. Se analizaron parámetros de textura principales y secundarios. La formulación que alcanzó valores de textura similares a la referencia fue: 0,48% de agar-agar; 12% de sacarosa; 17% de glucosa; 23% de agua; 996,75 ppm de metabisulfito; 498,50 ppm de ácido cítrico y 1435,7 ppm de benzoato de sodio. Se realizó una prueba sensorial a través de la evaluación de los parámetros más representativos de la textura, utilizando para ello una escala hedónica, determinando la aceptación de la formulación seleccionada.

Vigor and field emergence in "high oleic" sunflower seeds, in southeast of Buenos Aires province

Sunflower crop was based, as yet, on high linoleic cultivars, but in the last years request for oil with higher content of oleic acid has increased, due to their dietary characteristics. At the beginning, high oleic cultivars were used to be sown in warm regions, but then the concern about growing it in temperate areas, as the south-east of Buenos Aires Province, was posed. In this region, early sowings are recommended, so that grain filling matches with a period of appropriate hydric and light conditions, as to result in greater yields. However, early sowings are limited by low soil temperature, that delays seedling emergence, resulting in heterogeneous stand establishment. The aim of this work was to evaluate seed performance of four high oleic cultivars in the southern area of Buenos Aires Province, by means of vigor tests and field trials. Germination, cold, tetrazolium viability, tetrazolium viability with cold, accelerated ageing tests and three field sowings at different soil temperatures were performed. Data were analyzed by Anova using generalised linear models, and tests and cultivars were contrasted among themselves. Similar seedling emergence under optimal and suboptimal temperatures for high oleic and high linoleic cultivars was recorded. The success of seedling establishment does not appear to be related to the acidic composition of seeds.