Intestinal parasites and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in children: first report of genotype B in isolates from human clinical samples in Mexico

Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent enteroparasites in children. This parasite produces several clinical manifestations. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of genotypes of G. duodenalis causing infection in a region of southeastern Mexico. G. duodenalis cysts were isolated (33/429) from stool samples of children and molecular genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, targeting the triosephosphate isomerase ( tpi ) and glutamate dehydrogenase ( gdh ) genes. The tpi gene was amplified in all of the cyst samples, either for assemblage A (27 samples) or assemblage B (6 samples). RFLP analysis classified the 27 tpi -A amplicons in assemblage A, subgenotype I. Samples classified as assemblage B were further analysed using PCR-RFLP of the gdh gene and identified as assemblage B, subgenotype III. To our knowledge, this is the first report of assemblage B of G. duodenalis in human clinical samples from Mexico.

Multiple forms of cotyledonary b-galactosidases from Vigna unguiculata quiescent seeds

Cotyledonary b-galactosidases were isolated and partially purified from Pitiúba cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) quiescent seeds. The purification steps consisted of precipitation of the crude extract with ammonium sulphate in the range of 20-60% saturation, acid precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex ion-exchange chromatography and Lactosyl-Sepharose affinity chromatography. This purification process gave rise to three b-galactosidases-rich fractions: b-gal I, b-gal II and b-gal III, which were purified about 5, 509, and 62 fold, respectively. They reached maximal enzyme activity at different pH ranges: 3.5-4.5 for b-gal I, 3.0-3.5 for b-gal II, and 3.0-4.0 for b-gal III. Their maximal activities were reached when the temperature of the assay medium was 60° C, and preincubation of the enzymes at different temperatures has shown that they were heat-stable up to 50° C. There were no significant differences among the partially purified enzymes as far as their response to the different effectors tested, except for Mn2+ and EDTA, which affected differently b-gal I, b-gal II, and b-gal III. They were slightly affected by Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Co2+, tartarate, molybdate, glucose, and lactose, strongly inhibited by Cu2+ and galactose, and inactivated by Hg2+. These chemical and physical properties are similar to the ones found for other plant b-galactosidases. Although through this process of purification three isoforms of this enzyme were obtained, isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide slab gel of these enzyme-proteins suggest that cotyledons of Pitiúba cowpea quiescent seeds possess four isoforms of b-galactosidases.

De onde surgem os modelos? As origens e expansões Tupi na Amazônia Central

Este artigo apresenta subsídios arqueológicos para o debate - revisitado por Franciso Noelli, Eduardo Viveiros de Castro e Greg Urban nas páginas da Revista de Antropologia - sobre a suposta origem das línguas do tronco Tupí na Amazônia central. Apresentamos aqui os resultados preliminares de nossas pesquisas arqueológicas na área de confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões que levantam restrições às premissas arqueológicas desse modelo, primeiramente apresentadas por Donald Lathrap em 1970.

Differentiation of the sibling species Biomphalaria occidentalis and Biomphalaria tenagophila by the electrophoretic patterns of their hemoglobin

A simple and rapid method for differentialing the sibling species Biomphalaria tenagophila and Biomphalaria occidentalis by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) is described. Snail hemolymph is used as the test sample and the red colaration of the hemoglobin fraction permits visualization of the migration patterns without resorting to specific stains. Moreover, hemolymph samples may be obtained without killing the snail, thus permitting its use for other studies for breeding.

Nutrição mineral do cafeeiro III. Recrutamento de B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn pelo cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catuai) com dois, três, quatro e cinco anos de idade; nas fases fenológicas de repouso, granação e maturação vegetando em um latossolo vermelho amarelo, fase cerrado

Em uma plantação de cafeeiros (Coffea arabica cv. Catuai) com dois, três, quatro e cinco anos de idade no campo, situada em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, fase cerrado no município de Salto, SP, determinou-se o recrutamento de micronutrientes no caule, ramos, folhas e frutos, durante as fases fenológicas de repouso, granaçao e maturação. Concluiu-se que: A maior acumulação de cobre, manganês e zinco ocorre nos meses de julho, janeiro e junho em cafeeiros com cinco anos de idade. A acumulação de boro e ferro varia em função das épocas. Em janeiro e junho o acúmulo de ferro nao mostrou diferenças entre as idades. O cafeeiro aos cinco anos de campo exporta através da colheita, em função do conteúdo total da planta 30% de B, 46% de Cu, 26% de Fe, 14% de Mn e 25% de Zn.

Anfíbios Anuros da coleção Adolpho Lutz: III - Hyla claresignata Lutz & B. Lutz, 1939

Hyla claresignata Lutz & Lutz, 1939, is a large species apparently not closely allied to the other known Brazilian hylas. It is characterized by the very small tympanum; the head is short and the snout rounded; the legs are long, the hands and feet unusually large, the latter extensively webbbed. The specific name is derived from the insular, irregular, or roughly triangular, dark spots, with a light halo, found mostly in the dorso-lateral region and on the legs. It belongs to the rain-forest fauna of the Marítime Range. The adult is a bromeliad-dweller and the tadpole rhyacophilous. DESCRIPTION. Vomerine teeth in two separate, oblique, groups, behind the large choanae, parallel to the posterior half of their inner border. Tongue entire, short, very broad and hardly free behind. Snout short, rounded, with distinct canthus rostralis and gradually sloping loreal region. Eye very large and prominent, its horizontal diameter almost equal to the distance between its anterior corner and the tip of the snout. Tympanum very small, less than one third of the diameter of the eye, but distinct, partly covered by a short, heavy ridge. Lateral fingers less than one third webbed; fourth finger slightly longer than the second, just reaching the base of the disk of the third; subarticular tubercles well developed; an angular pollex rudiment, more noticeable in the males. Toes almost completely webbed, the edge of the web inserted at the base of the disk on the third and the fifth; an inner metatarsal tubercle. Skin smooth above, granular beneath, on the throat minutely so. No dermal appendage on the hell. Habit robust, head broader than long, body rather heavy, slightly narrowed in the postaxillary region. Legs long, the tibiotarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout when adpressed. Type (female): 61 mm. (Fig. 1.) DIAGNOSIS of TADPOLE (by G. Orton). "A large specialized, mountain-stream tadpole, with wide head an elongated, flattened snout, greatly enlarged lips and high tooth formula. Eyes dorsal. Spiracle sinistral, projecting, situated far back on side. Anus dextral. Tooth formula 8/12 to 9/14 in fully grown larvae. Tail with a prominent, vertical dark band across musculature and fins; a second concentration of dark pigment near tip of tail, may or may not form a similar but narrower band. Maximum known total length: 60mm.; head and body length 25mm. (Figs. 6 e 7). For further details see Lutz & Lutz, 1939 and Lutz B. & Orton G. 1946.

The small species of Belostoma Latreille (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae). III. A revision of oxyurum group, with a new species from Brazil and description of the male of B. noualhieri Montandon

Species of the oxyurum group (sensu Lauck) consist of five extant Neotropical small species, whose lengths range 15.0 to 20.0 mm. The anterior interocular width about 1.5 times the width of an eye and ventral diverticulum of phallus flattened, circular, and large are, in combination, diagnostic. The small species of the oxyurum group were included in the Lauck´s key to the identification of the species groups, without dealing with the species included in it because many of them are very similar in appearance. Therefore here we redescribe and key the Belostoma species of the oxyurum group. Belostoma oxyurum (Dufour) is newly recorded from Brazil (Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul). Holotype and lectotype are designated for B. oxyurum and B. sanctulum Montandon, respectively. The aspect of the prosternal keel, the ratio between the width of the ventral diverticulum of phallus and its length in ventral view, and the aspect of dorsal arms of ventral diverticulum have proven useful for better species delimitation. Based on specimens from Pará State (N. Brazil), Belostoma carajaensis Ribeiro & Estévez, sp. nov. is described and illustrated. This new species differs from B. sanctulum in having anteoculus shorter than interoculus and the dorsal arms of ventral diverticulum divergent and large. A male specimen of B. noualhieri Montandon was collected in São Paulo State and based mainly on features of male genitalia, this species is here also included under oxyurum group.

Aspectos ecológicos da tripanossomose americana: III - dispersão local de triatomíneos, com especial referência ao Triatoma sordida

São apresentados os resultados obtidos nas investigações levadas a efeito no Bairro João Pedro, município de Guíra e na Fazenda Vila Maria, município de Sertãozinho, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados das provas de precipitina indicam várias fontes alimentares para Triatoma sordida e, mais restritas, para Rhodnius neglectus, se bem que revelem mais a influência das oportunidades do que de preferências propriamente ditas. O exame minucioso dos ecótopos artificiais, representados por casas e anexos, mostram nítida invasão por parte do T. sordida. O transporte passivo dêste triatomíneo foi sugerido pelo encontro de ninfas e adultos em montes de lenha, obtidos a custa de árvores sêcas. Evidenciou-se também o transporte de ninfas de primeiros estádios do mesmo hemíptero, entre as penas de pardais (Passer domesticus) em cujos ninhos, situados no fôrro das casas, ocorre a colonização do inseto. A atração do ambiente domiciliar sôbre o hemíptero deve-se principalmente aos anexos que se destinam aos animais domésticos, onde o triatomíneo se coloniza facilmente. Tais ambientes agem, pois, como locais de concentração, a partir de focos naturais a certa distância. À semelhança do que se verificou para outras espécies, admite-se, pelas evidências, a movimentação ativa desses insetos, à procura de ecótopos mais estáveis. Em conseqüência, é de se esperar incremento da invasão domiciliar pelo T. sordida.

Biologia de Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai H., D. & K., 1913 (Diptera: Culicidae) en la Costa Pacífica de Colombia: III. Medidas de luminosidad y el comportamiento de picadura

El estudio del comportamiento de picadura de mosquitos capturados picando humanos en un área despejada del poblado de Charambirá, Chocó, en la costa Pacífica de Colombia, indico que cambios en la intensidad de la luz, influenciaban el início y el fin de la actividad de vuelo de Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai, especie con marcados hábitos crepusculares. Esta especie está considerada como vectora de esa enfermedad, malaria, en la costa pacífica colombiana.

Relação entre a patogenicidade do Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos e a susceptibilidade do molusco vetor: III. Mortalidade, pesos corporal e das vísceras

Estudou-se a relação entre o desenvolvimento da hepatomegalia, da esplenomegalia, peso corporal e taxa de mortalidade em camundongos experimentalmente infectados por Schistosoma mansoni com o grau de susceptibilidade de Biomphalaria glahrata e B. tenagophila nas quais se desenvolveram as cercárias infectantes respectivamente, das linhagens BH e SJ. Foram utilizados como hospedeiro definitivo camundongos Swiss, SPF e como hospedeiros intermediários populações de moluscos selecionados geneticamente para o caráter susceptibilidade. Foram observados menores pesos corporais e das visceras em camundongos infectados com cercárias provenientes de moluscos que apresentaram elevado grau de susceptibilidade. A maior susceptibilidade dos moluscos à infecção pelo S. mansoni correspondeu a uma menor sobrevivência dos camundongos infectados. Os resultados fazem crer que a maior adaptação do parasita ao hospedeiro intermediário, traduzidos pelas taxas mais elevadas de susceptibilidade, pode levar a um comportamento diferente deste parasita no hospedeiro definitivo.

Impacto da vacinação contra o Haemophilus influenzae b na redução de meningites, Goiás

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da vacinação contra o Haemophilus influenzae b na incidência de meningites em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se o delineamento tipo "antes-depois" para comparar as taxas de incidência de meningites por Haemophilus influenzae b nos períodos pré-vacinação (julho/95-junho/99) e pós-vacinação (julho/99-junho/2001) no Estado de Goiás. A definição de caso de meningite bacteriana seguiu os critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde. As taxas de meningite por Streptococcus pneumoniae e Neisseria. meningitidis foram utilizadas para efeito de comparação. Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste de chi2 e o t de Student. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. RESULTADOS: Foi detectada meningite bacteriana aguda em 979 crianças no período de estudo. A incidência de meningite por Haemophilus influenzae b diminuiu de 10,8x10(5) no período pré-vacinal para 2,3x10(5) no segundo ano pós-vacina, significando 78% de redução no risco, principalmente na faixa etária de 7-23 meses (p<0,05). Foram prevenidos 65 casos de meningite por Haemophilus influenzae b. Observou-se aumento na incidência de meningite por S. pneumoniae. Foi observada falha vacinal em um caso. CONCLUSÕES: Expressivo declínio da incidência de meningite por Haemophilus influenzae b foi detectado, precocemente, logo após o primeiro ano de introdução da vacina contra o Haemophilus influenzae b. Assim, se faz necessária a vigilância contínua com instrumental de alta acurácia para: (i) detectar re-emergência do Haemophilus influenzae b; (ii) avaliar possibilidade de falha vacinal; (iii) identificar mudanças no padrão dos sorotipos do H. influenzae.

Dynamics of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of Argentina: III. Persistence of T. cruzi parasitemia among canine reservoirs in a two-year follow-up

A new cross-sectional survey of household- associated mongrel dogs as well as follow-up of previously parasitemic individuals was carried out in 1984 toy means of xenodiagnosis and serologic techniques to get a deeper insight into the relationship of T. cruzi parasitemia and age among canine hosts in a rural area of Argentina. Persistence of detectable parasitemia was age-independent, or at most, loosely related to age, confirming the pattern observed in 1982. Similarly no significant age-decreasing effect was recorded among seropositive dogs in: a) the probability of detecting parasites in a 2-year follow-up; b) their intensity of infectiousness (=infective force) for T. infestans 3rd-4th instar nymphs, as measured by the percentage of infected bugs observed in each dog xenodiagnosis. Moreover, not only was the infective force of seropositive dogs for bugs approximately constant through lifetime, but it was significantly higher than the one recorded for children in the present survey, and for human people by other researchers. Therefore, and since T. infestans field populations show high feeding frequencies on dogs, the latter are expected to make the greatest contribution to the pool of infected vectors in the rural household of Argentina. This characteristic should be sufficient to involve canine reservoirs definitely as a risk factor for human people residing in the same house. The increased severity of parasitemia observed among dogs in this survey may be related to the acute undernutrition characteristic of canine populations of poor rural areas in our country, which is expected to affect the ability of the host to manage the infection.

IMMUNOGENICITY OF LOW-DOSE INTRAMUSCULAR AND INTRADERMAL VACCINATION WITH RECOMBINANT HEPATITIS B VACCINE

The study is a randomized trial using recombinant DNA vaccine to determine whether an intramuscular 10 µg dose or intradermal 2 µg induces satisfactory anti-HBs levels compared to the standard dose of intramuscular 20 µg. participants were 359 healthy medical and nurse students randomly allocated to one of the three groups: Group I - IM 20 µg; Group II - IM 10 µg; Group III - ID 2 µg at 0, 1 and 6 months. Anti-HBs titres were measured after complete vaccine schedule by ELISA/Pasteur. Baseline variables were similar among groups and side effects were mild after any dose. Vaccinees in the IM-10 µg group had seroconversion rate and geometric mean titre (GMT 2344 IU L-1), not significant different from the IM-20 µg group (GMT 4570 IU L-1). On the contrary, 21.4% of the ID - 2 µg recipients mount antibody concentration below 10 IU L1 and GMT of 91 IU L-1, a statiscally significant difference compared with the standard schedule IM-20 µg (p < 0.001). A three dose regimen of half dosse IM could be considered an appropriate schedule to prevent hepatitis B in young health adults which is of relevance to the expansion of hepatitis B vaccine programme

FATAL GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL TOXIC SHOCK-LIKE SYNDROME IN A CHILD WITH VARICELLA: REPORT OF THE FIRST WELL DOCUMENTED CASE WITH DETECTION OF THE GENETIC SEQUENCES THAT CODE FOR EXOTOXINS SPE A AND B, IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

A previously healthy seven-year-old boy was admitted to the intensive care unit because of toxaemia associated with varicella. He rapidly developed shock and multisystem organ failure associated with the appearance of a deep-seated soft tissue infection and, despite aggressive treatment, died on hospital day 4. An M-non-typable, spe A and spe B positive Group A Streptococcus was cultured from a deep soft tissue aspirate. The criteria for defining Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome were fulfilled. The authors discuss the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of this disease as well as some unusual clinical findings related to this case.

Human polyclonal anti-hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulin reduces the frequency of acute rejection after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B

BACKGROUND: Use of polyclonal anti-hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulin (HBIg) has been shown to reduce hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) and to decrease the frequency of acute cellular rejection (ACR). However, the protective role of HBIg against ACR remains controversial, since HBV infection has been also associated with a lower incidence of ACR. AIM: To assess the relationship between HBIg immunoprophylaxis and the incidence of rejection after LT. METHODS: 260 patients (158 males, 43 ± 14 years old) submitted to LT were retrospectively evaluated and divided into three groups, according to the presence of HBsAg and the use of HBIg. Group I was comprised of HBsAg-positive patients (n = 12) that received HBIg for more than 6 months. Group II was comprised of HBsAg-positive patients that historically have not received HBIg or have been treated irregularly for less than 3 months (n = 10). Group III was composed of 238 HBsAg-negative subjects that have not received HBIg. RESULTS: HBIg-treated patients (group I) had significantly less ACR episodes, when compared to group II and III. No differences between groups II and III were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term HBIg administration contributes independently to reduce the number of ACR episodes after LT.